{"id":1423,"date":"2021-02-09T17:09:08","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T22:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=1423"},"modified":"2021-05-03T20:24:04","modified_gmt":"2021-05-04T01:24:04","slug":"old-testament","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/02\/09\/old-testament\/","title":{"rendered":"Old testament"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Old Testament was written by various prophets and righteous men of God. Here is a list of the books in the Old Testmant, their authors and the dates they were written:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy = Moses &#8211; 1400 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joshua = Joshua &#8211; 1350 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel = Samuel\/Nathan\/Gad &#8211; 1000 &#8211; 900 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1 Kings, 2 Kings = Jeremiah &#8211; 600 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jeremiah<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(c. 650 \u2013 c. 570 BC),<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#cite_note-britannica.com-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0also called the &#8220;weeping prophet&#8221;,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillers1993419-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0was one of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_prophet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">major prophets<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_Bible\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew Bible<\/a>\u00a0(source of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Testament\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Old Testament<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Bible\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christian Bibles<\/a>). According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Jeremiah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Book of Jeremiah<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Books_of_Kings\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Books of Kings<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Lamentations\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Book of Lamentations<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillers1972xix%E2%80%93xxiv-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0with the assistance and under the editorship of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baruch_ben_Neriah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baruch ben Neriah<\/a>, his\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scribe\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">scribe<\/a>\u00a0and disciple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\/\u02ccd\u0292\u025br\u026a\u02c8ma\u026a.\u0259\/<\/a>;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1990383-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>:\u00a0\u05d9\u05b4\u05e8\u05b0\u05de\u05b0\u05d9\u05b8\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u200e,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modern_Hebrew\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Modern<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Y\u012brm\u0259yah\u016b<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Hebrew\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[ji\u0281mi\u02c8jahu]<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiberian_vocalization\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tiberian<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Y\u012br\u0259m\u0259y\u0101h\u016b<\/em>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>:\u00a0\u1f38\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2,\u00a0<small><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Greek\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">romanized<\/a>:\u00a0<\/small><em>Ierem\u00ed\u0101s<\/em>; meaning &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahweh\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Yah<\/a>\u00a0Exalts&#8221;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#CITEREFWells1990\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wells 1990<\/a>, p.\u00a0383. Wells, John C. (1990).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gXFAngEACAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary<\/em><\/a>. Pearson Longman.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4058-8117-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-1-4058-8117-3<\/a>.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Jeremiah-Hebrew-prophet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Jeremiah&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_Britannica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/em>.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#CITEREFHillers1993\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hillers 1993<\/a>, p.\u00a0419. Hillers, Delbert R. (1993). &#8220;The Lamentations of Jeremiah&#8221;. In Bruce M. Metzger; Michael David Coogan (eds.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/isbn_9780195046458\/page\/419\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Oxford Companion to the Bible<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-974391-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-0-19-974391-9<\/a>.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremiah#CITEREFHillers1972\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hillers 1972<\/a>, pp.\u00a0xix\u2013xxiv. Hillers, Delbert R. (1972).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=AqMExgEACAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Anchor Bible<\/em><\/a>. Lamentations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah = Ezra &#8211; 450 B.C. (late date). Koresh of Ezra 1:1 is called &#8220;king of Persia&#8221;, which title was introduced not by Cyrus the Great but by his grandson and probable namesake&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xerxes_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Xerxes<\/a>&nbsp;(486\u2013465 BC).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Ezra#cite_note-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roman Ghirshman, Iran (1954), Penguin Books, p 191.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REVIEW JOSEPHUS, ANTIQUITIES, BOOK XI<br>CORRECTION OR CONFIRMATION OF BIBLICAL POST-EXILIC RECORDS ? C. G. TULAND Chicago, Illinois Josephus and his Sources https:\/\/digitalcommons.andrews.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&amp;context=auss In Ant., xi. 5.1 Josephus places both Ezra and Nehemiah in the reign of Xerxes, which would fix the activities of these Jewish leaders between the years 486 and 465.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Sanballat in the&nbsp;Elephantine&nbsp;Papyri<\/strong><\/em> Lastly, I would point out the mention of Sanballat, the local leader Nehemiah contended with, in&nbsp;<strong>Elephantine<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>papyri<\/strong>&nbsp;that place him alive in 407 BC. As described at&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theosophical.wordpress.com\/2011\/09\/07\/biblical-archaeology-31-the-elephantine-papyri\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/theosophical.wordpress.com\/2011\/09\/07\/biblical-archaeology-31-the-<strong>elephantine<\/strong>&#8211;<strong>papyri<\/strong>\/<\/a>: One letter is of particular note. The \u201cPetition to Bagoas\u201d is a letter written by Yedaniah bar-Gemariah on November 25, 407 BC (the 17th year of King Darius) to Bagoas, the Persian governor of Judea, asking for assistance in the rebuilding of a Jewish temple in&nbsp;<strong>Elephantine<\/strong>&nbsp;that had been damaged by Egyptian priests in the community. On the reverse side at the very end it mentions another letter that had been sent to the sons of Sanballat, governor of Samaria: \u201cWe have also set forth the whole matter in a letter in our name to Delaiah and Shelemiah, the sons of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria. Furthermore, Arsames (the Persian satrap) knew nothing of all that was perpetrated on us. On the twentieth of Marheshwan, the seventeenth year of Darius the King.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biblearchaeology.org\/images\/articles\/Daniel9\/sanballat-elephantine-papyri.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>https:\/\/biblearchaeology.org\/abr-projects-main\/the-daniel-9-24-27-project-2\/4384-the-seraiah-assumption-wrapping-up-some-loose-ends?highlight=WyJlbGVwaGFudGluZSIsInBhcHlyaSIsInBhcHlyaScsIiwiZWxlcGhhbnRpbmUgcGFweXJpIl0=<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>The&nbsp;Elephantine&nbsp;papyri<\/strong>&nbsp;dating to 407 BC that mentions Sanballat I, governor of Samaria while Nehemiah was governor of Judea. Public domain.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esther = Mordecai &#8211; 450 B.C. &#8211; 400 B.C. (late date). The&nbsp;<em>Megillat Esther<\/em>&nbsp;(Book of Esther) became the last of the 24 books of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanakh\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tanakh<\/a>&nbsp;to be fixed by the Sages of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Assembly\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Great Assembly<\/a>. According to the Talmud, it was a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redaction\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">redaction<\/a>&nbsp;by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordecai.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#cite_note-14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shemaryahu_Talmon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Shemaryahu Talmon<\/a>, suggests that &#8220;the traditional setting of the book in the days of Xerxes I cannot be wide off the mark.&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#cite_note-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra<\/em>&nbsp;15a<br>Shemaryahu Talmon,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1516862\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Wisdom in the Book of Esther&#8221;<\/a>,&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vetus_Testamentum\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vetus Testamentum<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;13 (1963), p. 453 (at JSTOR, free subscription needed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judaism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jewish tradition<\/a>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<strong>Men of the Great Assembly<\/strong>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>:&nbsp;\u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b6\u05e1\u05b6\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05d2\u05b0\u05bc\u05d3\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc\u05b8\u05d4\u200e) or&nbsp;<strong>Anshei Knesset HaGedolah<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05b0\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d9 \u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b6\u05e1\u05b6\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05d2\u05b0\u05bc\u05d3\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc\u05b8\u05d4\u200e, &#8220;The Men of the Great Assembly&#8221;), also known as the&nbsp;<strong>Great Synagogue<\/strong>, or&nbsp;<em>Synod<\/em>, was an assembly of 120 scribes, sages, and prophets, in the period from the end of the Biblical prophets since the early&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Temple_period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Second Temple period<\/a>&nbsp;(which started around 516 BCE) to the early&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hellenistic_period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hellenistic period<\/a>&nbsp;(which began with Alexander&#8217;s conquests of 333\u2013332 BCE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Job = Moses &#8211; 1400 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Psalms = several different authors, mostly David &#8211; 1000 &#8211; 400 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon = Solomon &#8211; 900 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isaiah = Isaiah &#8211; 700 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeremiah, Lamentations = Jeremiah &#8211; 600 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ezekiel = Ezekiel &#8211; 550 B.C. (late date). The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ezekiel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ezekiel<\/a>&nbsp;ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babylon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Babylon<\/a>&nbsp;between 593 and 571 BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel = Daniel &#8211; 550 B.C. Pudo haber sido escrito durante el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cautiverio_de_Babilonia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">exilio jud\u00edo en Babilonia<\/a>. En&nbsp;Ezequiel&nbsp;(cap\u00edtulo 14:14) se nombra a Daniel lo que confirmar\u00eda la existencia de este durante el exilio en Babilonia\u200b. Mirar <a href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/28\/ezekiel-1414-and-daniel\/\">Ezekiel y Daniel<\/a>. Seg\u00fan Flavio Josefo, se le mostr\u00f3 este libro a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandro_Magno\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alejandro Magno<\/a>&nbsp;cuando estuvo en Jerusal\u00e9n<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Daniel#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b, lo que indicar\u00eda que ya estaba compuesto en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/332_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">332 a. C.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[7]<\/sup>&nbsp;Flavio, Josefo.&nbsp;<em>Antig\u00fcedades Judias<\/em>. Libro 11,cap\u00edtulo 8, secci\u00f3n 5. <em>Jewish antiquities<\/em>&nbsp;11.317-345<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hosea = Hosea &#8211; 750 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joel = Joel &#8211; 850 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amos = Amos &#8211; 750 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obadiah = Obadiah &#8211; 600 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jonah = Jonah &#8211; 700 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Micah = Micah &#8211; 700 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nahum = Nahum &#8211; 650 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Habakkuk = Habakkuk &#8211; 600 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zephaniah = Zephaniah &#8211; 650 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haggai = Haggai &#8211; 520 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zechariah = Zechariah &#8211; 500 B.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Malachi = Malachi &#8211; 430 B.C.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Old Testament was written by various prophets and righteous men of God. Here is a list of the books in the Old Testmant, their authors and the dates they were written: &#8230; <a title=\"Old testament\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/02\/09\/old-testament\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Old testament\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"social-share asbm-share-block\"><strong class=\"asbm-share-title\">Sharing is caring<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F02%2F09%2Fold-testament%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share asbm-share--facebook\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Facebook\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 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