{"id":1824,"date":"2021-04-10T20:05:29","date_gmt":"2021-04-11T01:05:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=1824"},"modified":"2021-04-11T11:49:15","modified_gmt":"2021-04-11T16:49:15","slug":"julian-assange","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/10\/julian-assange\/","title":{"rendered":"Julian Assange"},"content":{"rendered":"\nJulian Paul Assange (Townsville, Queensland, 3 de julio de 1971),1\u200b conocido como Julian Assange, es un programador, periodista y activista de Internet australiano conocido por ser el fundador, editor y portavoz del sitio web WikiLeaks.\n\n\n\nTrayectoria pol\u00edtica\n\n\n\nAssange es un defensor de la transparencia de la informaci\u00f3n y el libertarismo de libre mercado.29\u200b El 16 de marzo de 2012, la cuenta de Twitter de WikiLeaks anunci\u00f3 la decisi\u00f3n de Julian Assange de presentarse en las elecciones federales de Australia de 2013 como candidato para un puesto en el Senado australiano.30\u200b31\u200b\n\n\n\nEl 12 de diciembre de 2012, se anunci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de dicha cuenta la intenci\u00f3n de Assange de formar El Partido WikiLeaks (en ingl\u00e9s: The Wikileaks Party),32\u200b33\u200b as\u00ed como la confirmaci\u00f3n de su presentaci\u00f3n como candidato para el Senado.34\u200b En aquel momento, el propio padre de Assange, John Shipton, se hallaba coordinando los preparativos para la formaci\u00f3n de El Partido Wikileaks, y ya se hab\u00eda presentado un borrador de la constituci\u00f3n del partido para su revisi\u00f3n legal.32\u200b Ello gener\u00f3 que algunos medios cuestionaran la elegibilidad de Assange.35\u200b36\u200b\n\n\n\nEn las elecciones federales de Australia, que tuvieron lugar el 14 de septiembre de 2013,37\u200b Assange, que hab\u00eda sido inscrito por sus seguidores en el censo electoral del estado de Victoria38\u200b sobre la base de una decisi\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica,32[...x]<\/span>
up>\u200b39<\/sup>\u200b obtuvo 8.016 votos (0.24\u00a0%),40<\/sup>\u200b41<\/sup>\u200b mientras que su partido obtuvo a nivel nacional 88.092 votos (0.66\u00a0%).42<\/sup>\u200b Sin embargo, estos resultados no fueron suficientes para alcanzar el deseado esca\u00f1o en el Senado.43<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obras<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su primera incursi\u00f3n en el mundo literario fue su colaboraci\u00f3n como investigador y autor del ep\u00edlogo del libro Underground<\/em>, de Suelette Dreyfus.[cita requerida<\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assange ha decidido escribir su autobiograf\u00eda por la suma de 1,5 millones de d\u00f3lares. El dinero que reciba por los derechos de autor ser\u00e1 para financiar las acusaciones legales que afronta. \u201cNo quiero escribir este libro, pero tengo que hacerlo\u201d<\/em>, dijo. \u201cYa he gastado 300.000 d\u00f3lares para los gastos legales y tengo que defenderme y mantener WikiLeaks a flote\u201c<\/em>.44<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La vida de Julian Assange es el tema de la obra teatral Rata de acero inoxidable<\/em> (Stainless Steel Rat<\/em>), del dramaturgo Ron Elisha, que ser\u00e1 llevada a la escena por Wayne Harrison y se representar\u00e1 en el Seymour Centre de S\u00eddney.45<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A partir de las entrevistas realizadas a tres activistas criptopunks en el programa de televisi\u00f3n El mundo del ma\u00f1ana<\/em>, Julian Assange y sus invitados han publicado el libro Cypherpunks: La libertad y el futuro de internet<\/em>.[cita\u00a0requerida<\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Premios y condecoraciones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Assange recibi\u00f3 en el 2009 el Premio Amnist\u00eda Internacional Reino Unido a los Nuevos Medios,46<\/sup>\u200b por exponer asesinatos extrajudiciales en Kenia distribuyendo y publicando la investigaci\u00f3n de la Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Kenia (KNCHR) Kenya: The Cry of Blood \u2013 Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances<\/em>.46<\/sup>\u200b47<\/sup>\u200b48<\/sup>\u200b y ha sido reconocido como periodista por el Centro de Periodismo de Investigaci\u00f3n.49<\/sup>\u200b Al aceptar el premio, Assange dijo: \u00abEs reflejo del coraje y fortaleza de la sociedad civil de Kenia que esta injusticia fuera documentada\u00bb.50<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 2010, Assange fue galardonado con el Premio Sam Adams,51<\/sup>\u200b52<\/sup>\u200b y fue el ganador de la elecci\u00f3n de los lectores de la revista TIME<\/em> a la Persona del A\u00f1o 2010.53<\/sup>\u200b54<\/sup>\u200b En abril de 2011, fue nombrado en la lista Time 100 de las personas m\u00e1s influyentes.55<\/sup>\u200b Una encuesta informal a editores en Postmedia Network lo nombr\u00f3 el m\u00e1s relevante del a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s de que seis de 10 encuestados han sentido que Assange ha \u00abafectado profundamente c\u00f3mo se ve y c\u00f3mo se entrega la informaci\u00f3n\u00bb.56<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Monde<\/em>, una de las cinco publicaciones que cooperaron con WikiLeaks para publicar las filtraciones de informaci\u00f3n, lo nombr\u00f3 Persona del A\u00f1o, con 56 % de votos en su encuesta en l\u00ednea.57<\/sup>\u200b58<\/sup>\u200b59<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En febrero de 2011, se anunci\u00f3 que Assange ha sido premiado con el Premio S\u00eddney de la Paz por la Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00eddney de la Paz de la Universidad de S\u00eddney por su \u00abexcepcional coraje e iniciativa en la b\u00fasqueda de los derechos humanos\u00bb.60<\/sup>\u200b Las cinco personas que han recibido el premio en los 14 a\u00f1os de historia de la fundaci\u00f3n han sido: Nelson Mandela; Tenzin Gyatso, el 14\u00ba dal\u00e1i lama; Daisaku Ikeda y Assange.60<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En junio de 2011, Assange fue premiado con Premio de Periodismo Martha Gellhorn. El premio se concede anualmente a periodistas \u00abcuyo trabajo ha penetrado en la versi\u00f3n de eventos establecidos y ha relatado una verdad impalpable que expone la propaganda establecida o \u201cmentiras oficiales\u201d\u00bb. El jurado dijo: \u00abWikiLeaks ha sido retratado como un fen\u00f3meno de la era de la informaci\u00f3n, lo cual es. Pero es mucho m\u00e1s. Su objetivo de justicia a trav\u00e9s de la transparencia es el m\u00e1s antiguo y la mejor tradici\u00f3n del periodismo\u00bb.61<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En noviembre de 2011, recibi\u00f3 el Premio Walkleys en la categor\u00eda “La M\u00e1s Sobresaliente Contribuci\u00f3n al Periodismo”. Los premios anuales Walkley premian la excelencia en el periodismo desde 1994 en los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n australianos.62<\/sup>\u200b63<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snorre Valen, un parlamentario noruego, lo nomin\u00f3 para el Premio Nobel de la Paz 2011.64<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Founding WikiLeaks<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Early publications<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assange and others established WikiLeaks in 2006. Assange became a member of the organisation’s advisory board[64]<\/sup> and described himself as the editor-in-chief.[65]<\/sup> From 2007 to 2010, Assange travelled continuously on WikiLeaks business, visiting Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.[30]<\/sup>[36]<\/sup>[66]<\/sup>[67]<\/sup>[68]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

WikiLeaks published internet censorship lists, leaks,[69]<\/sup> and classified media from anonymous sources, including revelations about drone strikes in Yemen, corruption across the Arab world,[70]<\/sup> extrajudicial executions by Kenyan police,[71]<\/sup> 2008 Tibetan unrest in China,[72]<\/sup> and the “Petrogate” oil scandal in Peru.[73]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

WikiLeaks first came to international prominence in 2008,[74]<\/sup> when “most of the US fourth estate” filed an amicus curiae brief\u2014through the organizational efforts of the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP)\u2014to defend Wikileaks against a DMCA request from the Swiss bank Julius Baer, which had initially been granted.[75]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In September 2008, during the 2008 United States presidential election campaigns, the contents of a Yahoo! account belonging to Sarah Palin (the running mate of Republican presidential nominee John McCain) were posted on WikiLeaks after being hacked into by members of Anonymous.[76]<\/sup> After briefly appearing on a blog, the membership list of the far-right British National Party was posted to WikiLeaks on 18 November 2008.[77]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2009, WikiLeaks released a report disclosing a “serious nuclear accident” at the Iranian Natanz nuclear facility.[78]<\/sup> According to media reports, the accident may have been the direct result of a cyber-attack at Iran‘s nuclear program, carried out with the Stuxnet computer worm, a cyber-weapon built jointly by the United States and Israel.[79]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cypherpunks<\/em> was published in November 2012.[80]<\/sup> In 2012, Assange hosted a television show called the World Tomorrow on RT, a network funded by the Russian government.[81]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iraq and Afghan War logs and US diplomatic cables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The material WikiLeaks published between 2006 and 2009 attracted various degrees of international attention,[82]<\/sup> but after it began publishing documents supplied by U.S. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks became a household name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2010, Wikileaks released the Collateral Murder<\/em> video,[4]<\/sup> which showed United States soldiers fatally shooting 18 people from a helicopter in Iraq, including Reuters journalists Namir Noor-Eldeen and his assistant Saeed Chmagh.[5]<\/sup> Reuters had previously made a request to the US government for the Collateral Murder<\/em> video under Freedom of Information but had been denied. Assange and others worked for a week to break the U.S. military’s encryption of the video.[83]<\/sup>[84]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In October 2010, Wikileaks published the Iraq War logs, a collection of 391,832 United States Army field reports from the Iraq War covering the period from 2004 to 2009.[85]<\/sup> Assange said that he hoped the publication would “correct some of that attack on the truth that occurred before the war, during the war, and which has continued after the war”.[86]<\/sup> Regarding his own role within Wikileaks he said “We always expect tremendous criticism. It is my role to be the lightning rod \u2026 to attract the attacks against the organization for our work, and that is a difficult role. On the other hand. I get undue credit”.[87]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other Manning material published by Wikileaks included the Afghanistan War logs in July 2010,[88]<\/sup> and the Guant\u00e1namo Bay files in April 2011.[89]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wikileaks published a quarter of a million U.S. diplomatic cables,[90]<\/sup> known as the “Cablegate” files, in November 2010. Wikileaks initially worked with established Western media organisations, and later with smaller regional media organisations, while also publishing the cables upon which their reporting was based.[91][92]<\/sup> The files showed United States espionage against United Nations and other world leaders,[93][94][95]<\/sup> revealed tensions between the U.S. and its allies, and exposed corruption in countries throughout the world as documented by U.S. diplomats, helping to spark the Arab Spring.[96][97]<\/sup> The Cablegate and Iraq and Afghan War releases impacted diplomacy and public opinion globally, with responses varying by region.[92]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assessments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Opinions of Assange at this time were divided. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard described his activities as “illegal”,[98]<\/sup> but the police said he had not broken Australian law.[99]<\/sup> Then United States Vice-President Joe Biden and others called him a “terrorist”.[100][101][102][103][104]<\/sup> Some called for his assassination or execution.[105][106][107][108][109]<\/sup> Support for Assange came from Brazilian President Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva,[110]<\/sup> Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa,[111]<\/sup> Russian President Dmitry Medvedev,[112][113]<\/sup> British Member of Parliament (and later Labour Party leader) Jeremy Corbyn,[114]<\/sup> Spanish Podemos party leader Pablo Iglesias,[115]<\/sup> UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay,[116]<\/sup> and Argentina’s ambassador to the UK, Alicia Castro.[117]<\/sup> He also garnered support from many leading activists and celebrities, including Tariq Ali,[118]<\/sup> John Perry Barlow,[119]<\/sup> Daniel Ellsberg,[120][121]<\/sup> Mary Kostakidis,[122]<\/sup> John Pilger,[123][124]<\/sup> Ai Weiwei,[125]<\/sup> Michael Moore,[126]<\/sup> Noam Chomsky,[125]<\/sup> Vaughan Smith,[127][128]<\/sup> and Oliver Stone.[129]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Gun camera footage of the airstrike of 12 July 2007 in Baghdad, showing the deaths of journalists Namir Noor-Eldeen and Saeed Chmagh by a US helicopter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2010 Assange received the Sam Adams Award,[130]<\/sup> and a string of distinctions: the Le Monde<\/em> readers’ choice award for person of the year,[131]<\/sup>[132]<\/sup> the Time<\/em> readers’ choice award for person of the year,[133]<\/sup>[134]<\/sup> a deal for his autobiography worth at least US$1.3 million,[135]<\/sup>[136]<\/sup>[137]<\/sup> and selection by the Italian edition of Rolling Stone<\/em> as “Rockstar of the year”.[138]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011, Assange won the Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal for Peace with Justice.[139]<\/sup> Two weeks later, he filed for the trademark “Julian Assange” in Europe, which was to be used for “Public speaking services; news reporter services; journalism; publication of texts other than publicity texts; education services; entertainment services”.[140]<\/sup>[141]<\/sup>[142]<\/sup> Assange was made an honorary member of the Australian trade union, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, in 2010.[143]<\/sup>[144]<\/sup>[145]<\/sup> He was awarded the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism in June 2011,[146]<\/sup>[147]<\/sup> having earlier won the Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media) in 2009.[148]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011, the Walkley Foundation awarded WikiLeaks the Walkley Award for “Most outstanding contribution to journalism”.[149]<\/sup> It commended WikiLeaks and Assange for their “brave, determined and independent stand for freedom of speech and transparency that has empowered people all over the world”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Writings and opinions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2010, Assange said he was a libertarian and that “WikiLeaks is designed to make capitalism more free and ethical”.[439]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assange has written a few short pieces, including “State and terrorist conspiracies” (2006),[440]<\/sup> “Conspiracy as governance” (2006),[441]<\/sup> “The hidden curse of Thomas Paine” (2008),[442]<\/sup> “What’s new about WikiLeaks?” (2011),<\/em>[443]<\/sup> and the foreword to Cypherpunks<\/em> (2012).[80]<\/sup> Cypherpunks<\/em> is primarily a transcript of the World Tomorrow<\/em> episode eight, two-part interview between Assange, Jacob Appelbaum, Andy M\u00fcller-Maguhn, and J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Zimmermann. In the foreword, Assange said, “the Internet, our greatest tool for emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen”.[80]<\/sup> He also contributed research to Suelette Dreyfus‘s Underground<\/em> (1997),[39]<\/sup> and received a co-writer credit for the Calle 13 song “Multi Viral” (2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assange’s book, When Google Met WikiLeaks<\/em>, was published by OR Books on 18 September 2014.[444]<\/sup> The book recounts when Google CEO Eric Schmidt requested a meeting with Assange, while he was on bail in rural Norfolk, UK. Schmidt was accompanied by Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas; Lisa Shields, vice-president of the Council on Foreign Relations; and Scott Malcomson, the communications director for the International Crisis Group. Excerpts were published on the Newsweek<\/em> website, while Assange participated in a Q&A event that was facilitated by the Reddit website and agreed to an interview with Vogue<\/em> magazine.[445]<\/sup>[446]<\/sup>[447]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011, Assange criticised a Private Eye<\/em> article for portraying WikiLeaks contributor Israel Shamir as antisemitic. According to editor Ian Hislop, Assange called the article “an obvious attempt to deprive [WikiLeaks] of Jewish support and donations” and went on to point out that several journalists involved were Jewish. On 1 March 2011, Assange released a statement in which he said,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hislop has distorted, invented or misremembered almost every significant claim and phrase. In particular, ‘Jewish conspiracy’ is completely false, in spirit and word. It is serious and upsetting. We treasure our strong Jewish support and staff, just as we treasure the support from pan-Arab democracy activists and others who share our hope for a just world.[448]<\/sup>[449]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In a statement accompanying release of “Yemen Files”, Assange said about the U.S. involvement in the Yemen war: “The war in Yemen has produced 3.15\u00a0million internally displaced persons. Although the United States government has provided most of the bombs and is deeply involved in the conduct of the war itself reportage on the war in English is conspicuously rare.”[252]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Honours and awards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n