{"id":4236,"date":"2021-11-25T12:57:45","date_gmt":"2021-11-25T17:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=4236"},"modified":"2021-11-27T19:00:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-28T00:00:29","slug":"tech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/11\/25\/tech\/","title":{"rendered":"Tech"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\nDescubren ramos de flores con casi 2000 a\u00f1os de antig\u00fcedad en zona arqueol\u00f3gica mexicana Teotihuac\u00e1n China Xinhua Espa\u00f1ol\n\n\n\nUn agujero se abri\u00f3 en el piso de la pir\u00e1mide de Quetzalc\u00f3atl en Teotihuac\u00e1n, dejando al descubierto un t\u00fanel de 18 metros de profundidad y 103 metros de longitud, construido por los antiguos teotihuacanos hace unos 2.000 a\u00f1os.\n\n\n\nLa&nbsp;Agencia de Noticias Xinhua&nbsp;(en&nbsp;chino,&nbsp;\u65b0\u534e\u793e;&nbsp;pinyin,&nbsp;X\u012bnhu\u00e1 sh\u00e8&nbsp;l\u00e9ase&nbsp;[Sin-Ju\u00e1](&nbsp;escuchar)Agencia Nueva China) es la&nbsp;agencia oficial de noticias&nbsp;del gobierno de la&nbsp;Rep\u00fablica Popular China&nbsp;y la m\u00e1s grande e influyente en China, as\u00ed como la agencia de noticias m\u00e1s grande del mundo en t\u00e9rminos de corresponsales en todo el mundo.[1]\n\n\n\n[1]&nbsp;International Media and Newspapers (30 de octubre de 2017).&nbsp;\u00abTop 200 News Agencies Worldwide\u00bb. Archivado desde&nbsp;el original&nbsp;el 9 de noviembre de 2017. Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2017.\n\n\n\nFuego griego&nbsp;era el nombre que se le dio a dos tipos de armas incendiarias, una de la Edad Antigua y otra de la Edad Media.Uso del fuego griego, ilustraci\u00f3n de una cr\u00f3nica bizantina.\n\n\n\nLa primera estaba basada en el reflejo de la luz solar, siendo empleada en el siglo II a. C. durante el asedio<span class=\"maquina-leer-mas\">[...x]<\/span><div id=\"premium-content-gate\" style=\"display:none;\" class=\"contenido-premium\"> de la ciudad griega de Siracusa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La segunda estaba basada en una sustancia incendiaria utilizada por el&nbsp;Imperio bizantino. Fue creada en el&nbsp;siglo VI, aunque su mayor uso y difusi\u00f3n se dar\u00eda tras las primeras&nbsp;cruzadas&nbsp;(siglo XIII), como arma naval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El poder del arma ven\u00eda no s\u00f3lo del hecho de que ard\u00eda en contacto con el agua, sino de que incluso ard\u00eda debajo de ella. En las batallas navales era por ello un arma de gran eficacia, causando grandes destrozos materiales y personales, y extendiendo, adem\u00e1s, el p\u00e1nico entre el enemigo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El motivo por el que se desconoce su composici\u00f3n es muy simple: la&nbsp;marina bizantina&nbsp;de la&nbsp;Alta Edad Media&nbsp;era, por mucho, la due\u00f1a del&nbsp;Mediterr\u00e1neo oriental, y en la posesi\u00f3n del fuego griego estaba una de las claves de su superioridad, de manera que esta arma se consideraba secreta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Greek fire<\/strong>&nbsp;was an&nbsp;incendiary&nbsp;weapon used by the&nbsp;Byzantine Empire&nbsp;beginning&nbsp;c.\u2009672. Used to set fire to enemy ships, it consisted of a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon. Some historians believe it could be ignited on contact with water, and was probably based on&nbsp;naphtha&nbsp;and&nbsp;quicklime. The&nbsp;Byzantines&nbsp;typically used it in&nbsp;naval battles&nbsp;to great effect, as it could supposedly continue burning while floating on water. The technological advantage it provided was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of&nbsp;Constantinople&nbsp;from the&nbsp;first&nbsp;and&nbsp;second&nbsp;Arab sieges, thus securing the Empire&#8217;s survival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, these mixtures used formulas different from that of Byzantine Greek fire, which was a closely guarded&nbsp;state secret. Byzantines also used pressurized nozzles to project the liquid onto the enemy, in a manner resembling a modern&nbsp;flamethrower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although usage of the term &#8220;Greek fire&#8221; has been general in English and most other languages since the Crusades, original Byzantine sources called the substance a variety of names, such as &#8220;sea fire&#8221; (Medieval Greek:&nbsp;\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r thal\u00e1ssion<\/em>), &#8220;Roman fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u1fe5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r rh\u014dma\u00efk\u00f3n<\/em>), &#8220;war fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1&nbsp;<em>polemik\u00f2n p\u0177r<\/em>), &#8220;liquid fire&#8221; (\u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1&nbsp;<em>hygr\u00f2n p\u0177r<\/em>), &#8220;sticky fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r koll\u0113tik\u00f3n<\/em>), or &#8220;manufactured fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r skeuast\u00f3n<\/em>).<sup>[1]<\/sup><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The composition of Greek fire remains a matter of speculation and debate, with various proposals including combinations of&nbsp;pine resin,&nbsp;naphtha,&nbsp;quicklime,&nbsp;calcium phosphide,&nbsp;sulfur, or&nbsp;niter. In his&nbsp;history of Rome,&nbsp;Titus Livy&nbsp;describes priestesses of&nbsp;Bacchus&nbsp;dipping fire into the water, which did not extinguish, &#8220;for it was sulphur mixed with lime.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pryor &amp; Jeffreys 2006, pp.&nbsp;608\u2013609.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Forbes 1959, p.&nbsp;83.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>As Constantine Porphyrogennetos&#8217; warnings show, the ingredients and the processes of manufacture and deployment of Greek fire were carefully guarded military secrets. So strict was the secrecy that the composition of Greek fire was lost forever and remains a source of speculation.<sup>[30]<\/sup>&nbsp;Consequently, the &#8220;mystery&#8221; of the formula has long dominated the research into Greek fire. Despite this almost exclusive focus, however, Greek fire is best understood as a complete weapon system of many components, all of which were needed to operate together to render it effective. This comprised not only the formula of its composition, but also the specialized&nbsp;dromon&nbsp;ships that carried it into battle, the device used to prepare the substance by heating and pressurizing it, the&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dn<\/em>&nbsp;projecting it, and the special training of the&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dnarioi<\/em>&nbsp;who used it.<sup>[31]<\/sup>&nbsp;Knowledge of the whole system was highly&nbsp;compartmentalised, with operators and technicians aware of the secrets of only one component, ensuring that no enemy could gain knowledge of it in its entirety.<sup>[32]<\/sup>&nbsp;This accounts for the fact that when the&nbsp;Bulgarians&nbsp;took&nbsp;Mesembria&nbsp;and&nbsp;Debeltos&nbsp;in 814, they captured 36&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dns<\/em>&nbsp;and even quantities of the substance itself,<sup>[33]<\/sup>&nbsp;but were unable to make any use of them.<sup>[34][35]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Haldon 2006, p.&nbsp;290.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Roland 1992, pp.&nbsp;660, 663.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Roland 1992, pp.&nbsp;663\u2013664.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Theophanes &amp; Turtledove 1982, p.&nbsp;178.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Roland 1992, p.&nbsp;663.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Pryor &amp; Jeffreys 2006, p.&nbsp;609.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>El&nbsp;<strong>acero de Damasco<\/strong>&nbsp;(denominado tambi\u00e9n como&nbsp;<strong>acero damasceno<\/strong>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<strong>acero damasquino<\/strong>) es un tipo de&nbsp;acero de crisol&nbsp;empleado y elaborado en&nbsp;Oriente Medio&nbsp;para la fabricaci\u00f3n de&nbsp;espadas&nbsp;desde el&nbsp;1100&nbsp;hasta el&nbsp;1750. Las espadas de acero de&nbsp;Damasco&nbsp;eran legendarias por su dureza y su filo &#8220;casi eterno&#8221;, siendo muy aclamadas en&nbsp;Europa. La t\u00e9cnica empleada para su elaboraci\u00f3n es hoy en d\u00eda un debate entre&nbsp;metal\u00fargicos&nbsp;especialistas en la elaboraci\u00f3n del&nbsp;acero. Las espadas de acero damasquinado se conoc\u00edan por los patrones de sus hojas. Hoy en d\u00eda se emplea en la elaboraci\u00f3n de&nbsp;cuchillos&nbsp;de alta gama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las espadas originales de acero de Damasco se elaboraron en las vecindades de&nbsp;Damasco,&nbsp;Siria, en el periodo que va desde el a\u00f1o&nbsp;900&nbsp;hasta&nbsp;1750.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A SCAM? El\u00a0<strong>manuscrito Voynich<\/strong>\u00a0es un libro ilustrado, de contenidos desconocidos, escrito por un autor an\u00f3nimo en un alfabeto no identificado y un idioma incomprensible. Su nombre proviene del comerciante de libros antiguos\u00a0Wilfrid M. Voynich\u00a0(1865-1930), quien lo adquiri\u00f3 en 1912. Actualmente se conserva en la\u00a0Biblioteca Beinecke de libros raros y manuscritos\u00a0de la Universidad de Yale como MS 408. La\u00a0dataci\u00f3n por carbono 14\u00a0ha determinado que el pergamino en el cual est\u00e1 escrito fue fabricado entre 1404 y 1438. El an\u00e1lisis estil\u00edstico, tanto de la escritura como de las ilustraciones, ha corroborado su origen en el siglo XV y la procedencia de alg\u00fan pa\u00eds de Europa Central, posiblemente Alemania o el norte de Italia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El&nbsp;<strong>mecanismo de Anticitera<\/strong>&nbsp;es una&nbsp;computadora anal\u00f3gica<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[3]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[4]<\/sup>\u200b (o mec\u00e1nica) de la&nbsp;antig\u00fcedad. Supuestamente construido por cient\u00edficos griegos, el instrumento se data entre los a\u00f1os&nbsp;150 a. C.&nbsp;y&nbsp;100&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.,<sup>[5]<\/sup>\u200b o, seg\u00fan una observaci\u00f3n reciente, hacia el a\u00f1o 200&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<sup>[6]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[7]<\/sup>\u200b El componente fue recuperado en el&nbsp;mar Egeo, entre los a\u00f1os 1900 y 1901, de un antiguo&nbsp;naufragio&nbsp;cercano a la isla&nbsp;griega&nbsp;de&nbsp;Anticitera.<sup>[8]<\/sup>\u200b Este artefacto aparentemente fue dise\u00f1ado para predecir posiciones astron\u00f3micas y los eclipses de hasta diecinueve a\u00f1os con prop\u00f3sitos astrol\u00f3gicos y calend\u00e1ricos,<sup>[5]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[9]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u200b y predecir tambi\u00e9n la fecha exacta de seis cert\u00e1menes griegos antiguos, entre los que se encuentran los cuatro principales&nbsp;juegos Panhel\u00e9nicos&nbsp;y dos juegos m\u00e1s de menor entidad.<sup>[11]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;\u00abThe Antikythera Mechanism Research Project\u00bb. The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Archivado desde&nbsp;el original&nbsp;el 21 de febrero de 2011. Consultado el 1 de julio de 2007. \u00abThe Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical &#8216;computer&#8217; which tracks the cycles of the Solar System.\u00bb<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Seaman, Bill; R\u00f6ssler, Otto E. (1 de enero de 2011).&nbsp;<em>Neosentience: The Benevolence Engine<\/em>. Intellect Books. p.&nbsp;111.&nbsp;<small>ISBN&nbsp;978-1-84150-404-9<\/small>. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2013. \u00abMike G. Edmunds and colleagues used imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography to study fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism, a bronze mechanical analog computer thought to calculate astronomical positions\u00bb.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Swedin, Eric G.; Ferro, David L. (24 de octubre de 2007).&nbsp;<em>Computers: The Life Story of a Technology<\/em>. JHU Press. p.&nbsp;1.&nbsp;<small>ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8018-8774-1<\/small>. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2013. \u00abIt was a mechanical computer for calculating lunar, solar, and stellar calendars.\u00bb<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Paphitis, Nicholas (30 de noviembre de 2006).&nbsp;\u00abExperts: Fragments an Ancient Computer\u00bb. Washington Post. \u00abImagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.\u00bb<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>j<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>l<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>m<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>n<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>\u00f1<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>o<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>q<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;(30 de noviembre de 2006).&nbsp;\u00abDecoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>. 444 Supplement (7119): 587-91.&nbsp;<small>Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F<\/small>.&nbsp;<small>PMID&nbsp;17136087<\/small>.&nbsp;<small>doi:10.1038\/nature05357<\/small>. Archivado desde&nbsp;el original&nbsp;el 20 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2014.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Carman, Christi\u00e1n C.; Evans, James (15 de noviembre de 2014).&nbsp;\u00abOn the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Archive for History of Exact Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>68<\/strong>&nbsp;(6): 693-774.&nbsp;<small>doi:10.1007\/s00407-014-0145-5<\/small>. Consultado el 26 de noviembre de 2014.<\/li><li>Markoff, John (24 de noviembre de 2014).&nbsp;\u00abOn the Trail of an Ancient Mystery &#8211; Solving the Riddles of an Early Astronomical Calculator\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>New York Times<\/em>. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2014.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Price, Derek de Solla (1974). \u00abGears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C.\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>64<\/strong>&nbsp;(7): 1-70.&nbsp;<small>doi:10.2307\/1006146<\/small>.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>j<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>l<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>m<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>n<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>\u00f1<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>o<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>q<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>r<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>s<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>t<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander (2012).&nbsp;<em>The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism<\/em>. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2014.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Pinotsis, A. D. (30 de agosto de 2007).&nbsp;\u00abThe Antikythera mechanism: who was its creator and what was its use and purpose?\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>26<\/strong>.&nbsp;<small>doi:10.1080\/10556790601136925<\/small>. Consultado el 9 de enero de 2015.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 de julio de 2008).&nbsp;\u00abCalendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>454<\/strong>&nbsp;(7204): 614-617.&nbsp;<small>Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F<\/small>.&nbsp;<small>PMID&nbsp;18668103<\/small>.&nbsp;<small>doi:10.1038\/nature07130<\/small>. Archivado desde&nbsp;el original&nbsp;el 17 de octubre de 2010.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;\u00abConfirman el funcionamiento del mecanismo de Anticitera, la computadora milenaria\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>La Naci\u00f3n<\/em>. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2017.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zhang Heng<\/strong>&nbsp;(en&nbsp;chino tradicional, \u5f35\u8861;&nbsp;chino simplificado, \u5f20\u8861;&nbsp;piny\u00edn,&nbsp;<em>Zh\u0101ng H\u00e9ng<\/em>;&nbsp;78&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;139)<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u200b fue un&nbsp;pol\u00edmata&nbsp;reconocido (cient\u00edfico,&nbsp;astr\u00f3nomo,&nbsp;pintor,&nbsp;inventor&nbsp;y&nbsp;escritor) de origen chino.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u200b Naci\u00f3 en la ciudad de&nbsp;Nanyang, en la provincia de&nbsp;Henan. Es reconocido por inventar un&nbsp;telescopio&nbsp;y un tipo temprano de&nbsp;sism\u00f3grafo.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Yan, Hong-Sen (18 de noviembre de 2007).&nbsp;<em>Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery<\/em>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Springer Science &amp; Business Media.&nbsp;<small>ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4020-6460-9<\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Rana, Lalita (2008).&nbsp;<em>Geographical thought<\/em>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Concept Publishing Company.&nbsp;<small>ISBN&nbsp;978-81-8069-536-0<\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Perkins, Dorothy (19 de noviembre de 2013).&nbsp;<em>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture<\/em>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Routledge.&nbsp;<small>ISBN&nbsp;978-1-135-93562-7<\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>El trabajo m\u00e1s famoso de Zhang Heng fue el &#8220;detector de terremotos&#8221; que perfeccion\u00f3 en el a\u00f1o 132&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C., mil setecientos a\u00f1os antes del primer&nbsp;sism\u00f3grafo&nbsp;europeo.<sup>[9]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u200b<sup>[11]<\/sup>\u200b Zhang asombr\u00f3 a la corte imperial con este dispositivo, que pod\u00eda detectar terremotos tan distantes que nadie cercano lo sent\u00eda siquiera. Era un dispositivo en forma de jarr\u00f3n, al que se le pegaban varias cabezas en bronce de dragones, cada una con una pelota tambi\u00e9n de bronce en su boca; alrededor del pie ten\u00eda varios sapos de bronce con las bocas abiertas. Si la m\u00e1quina detectaba un temblor de tierra, una bola de bronce, autom\u00e1ticamente, se soltaba y ca\u00eda en la boca de uno de los sapos. La posici\u00f3n de uno de los sapos en cuesti\u00f3n indicaba la direcci\u00f3n en la cual proced\u00eda el temblor. En una famosa ocasi\u00f3n, una bola cay\u00f3 sin que se observara terremoto perceptible; pero, varios d\u00edas despu\u00e9s, lleg\u00f3 un mensajero con noticias de un terremoto en&nbsp;Kasu, a 600&nbsp;Kil\u00f3metros&nbsp;de la corte y en la direcci\u00f3n indicada por la m\u00e1quina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No obstante y a pesar de sus creaciones, es err\u00f3neo acreditar a Zhang Heng con la invenci\u00f3n del sism\u00f3grafo. Su m\u00e1quina detectaba los terremotos y su procedencia, no los med\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Needham (1986) v. 4, 30.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Wright (2001), 66.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Huang (1997), 64.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<strong>Ulfberht swords<\/strong>&nbsp;are about 170&nbsp;medieval swords&nbsp;found in Europe,<sup>[3]<\/sup>&nbsp;dated to the 9th to 11th centuries, with blades&nbsp;inlaid&nbsp;with the inscription&nbsp;<em>+VLFBERH+T or +VLFBERHT+<\/em>.<sup>[3][4]<\/sup>&nbsp;The word &#8220;Ulfberht&#8221; is a&nbsp;Frankish&nbsp;personal name that became the basis of a trademark of sorts, used by multiple bladesmiths for several centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>^&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;<sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>&nbsp;Moilanen, Mikko (2018).&nbsp;<em>Viikinkimiekat Suomessa<\/em>. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. pp.&nbsp;169\u2013175.&nbsp;ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-952-222-964-9<\/bdi>.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Wegeli (1904), p. 12, fig. 3.; Stralsberg (2008:6) classifies the &#8220;correctly&#8221; spelled inscriptions into five classes, 1. +VLFBERH+T (46 to 51 examples), 2. +VLFBERHT+ (18 to 23 examples), 3. VLFBERH+T (4 to 6 examples), 4. +VLFBERH\u253cT+ (1 or 2 examples), 5. +VLFBERH+T (10 examples), with a sixth class of &#8220;misspellings&#8221; (+VLEBERHIT, +VLFBEHT+, +VLFBERH+, +VLFBER\u251c\u253c\u253cT, +VLFBERTH, 17 examples) and a seventh class &#8220;not definable&#8221; (31 or 32 examples). Stalsberg (2008) explains the numerous misspellings in the inscriptions by the &#8220;use of illiterate slaves in the smithy&#8221;.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Un&nbsp;<strong>dodecaedro romano<\/strong>&nbsp;es un peque\u00f1o objeto hueco de&nbsp;bronce&nbsp;o&nbsp;piedra&nbsp;de forma&nbsp;dodeca\u00e9drica, es decir doce caras pentagonales planas; cada cara tiene un agujero circular de di\u00e1metro variable en el centro, los orificios se conectan al centro hueco. Los dodecaedros romanos datan de los siglos II o III d. C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No mention of dodecahedrons has been found in contemporary accounts or pictures of the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speculative uses include as a candlestick holder (wax was found inside two examples); dice; survey instruments for estimating distances to (or sizes of) distant objects;<sup>[5]<\/sup>&nbsp;devices for determining the optimal&nbsp;sowing&nbsp;date for winter grain;<sup>[6]<\/sup>&nbsp;gauges to calibrate water pipes,&nbsp;legionary standard&nbsp;bases,<sup>[7]<\/sup>&nbsp;or a coin measuring device for counterfeit detection. Several dodecahedra were found in coin hoards, providing evidence that their owners either considered them valuable objects, or believed their only use was connected with coins.<sup>[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sparavigna, A. (2012). &#8220;Roman dodecahedron as dioptron: Analysis of freely available data&#8221;.&nbsp;arXiv:1206.0946.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Wagemans, G.M.C. (c. 2015).&nbsp;&#8220;Hypothesis: The Roman pentagon dodecahedron&nbsp;[is]&nbsp;an astronomic measuring instrument for determining the optimal sowing date for winter grain&#8221;&nbsp;(in English and Dutch). Retrieved&nbsp;2021-11-08.&nbsp;\u2014 This webpage also has a map of the dodecahedron find sites.<\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Lieder, Nancy (2021-08-30).&nbsp;&#8220;Use or function of Roman dodecahedrons&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Earth Changes and the Pole Shift<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;2021-08-30.&nbsp;<q>They were designed to hold standard poles, of various sizes.<\/q><\/li><li><strong>^<\/strong>&nbsp;Greiner, Bernhard A. (1996). &#8220;R\u00f6mische Dodekaeder: Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Herstellung, Verbreitung, und Funktion&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1995<\/em>&nbsp;(in German). pp.&nbsp;9\u201344.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Las&nbsp;<strong>esferas de piedra de Costa Rica<\/strong>&nbsp;son un grupo de m\u00e1s de quinientas&nbsp;petroesferas&nbsp;precolombinas de la&nbsp;cultura del Diqu\u00eds&nbsp;ubicadas principalmente en el sur de&nbsp;Costa Rica, en la llanura aluvial del Delta del Diqu\u00eds (confluencia del&nbsp;r\u00edo Sierpe&nbsp;y el&nbsp;r\u00edo Grande de T\u00e9rraba), en la&nbsp;pen\u00ednsula de Osa&nbsp;y en la&nbsp;Isla del Ca\u00f1o. La zona pertenece al&nbsp;distrito de Sierpe, en el&nbsp;cant\u00f3n de Osa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Como conjunto, las esferas se consideran \u00fanicas en el mundo por su n\u00famero, tama\u00f1o, perfecci\u00f3n, formaci\u00f3n de esquemas organizados y abstracci\u00f3n ajena a modelos naturales. Su gran valor radica en que se hicieron bajo condiciones tecnol\u00f3gicas y sociales consideradas muy dif\u00edciles en la actualidad. No obstante, las sociedades ind\u00edgenas que las esculpieron lo hicieron de forma casi perfecta, con acabados muy finos en muchos casos, y con tama\u00f1os que van desde los pocos cent\u00edmetros a cerca de 2,6 metros de di\u00e1metro. Las esferas se produjeron y utilizaron durante un periodo que va de los a\u00f1os 400 a 500 d.C, hasta la&nbsp;conquista espa\u00f1ola, en un lapso cercano a los 1000 a\u00f1os.<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En la actualidad, las esferas de piedra se consideran como la manifestaci\u00f3n art\u00edstica por excelencia de la escultura precolombina costarricense. En&nbsp;2014, la&nbsp;Unesco&nbsp;eligi\u00f3 al conjunto de asentamientos cacicales precolombinos con esferas de piedra de Diqu\u00eds como&nbsp;Patrimonio de la Humanidad.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u200b El 16 de julio de 2014, la&nbsp;Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica&nbsp;las declar\u00f3 como s\u00edmbolo nacional.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00abEl Diqu\u00eds, las esferas de piedra y su valor cultural universal\u00bb.&nbsp;<em><\/em>. 19 de junio de 2016. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2019.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;\u00abSitios con esferas precolombinas en Costa Rica son Patrimonio Mundial\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>unesco.org<\/em>. 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2019.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;Cambronero, Natasha (16 de julio de 2014).&nbsp;\u00abEsferas precolombinas son declaradas s\u00edmbolo nacional\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>La Naci\u00f3n<\/em>. Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2014.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>READ plano aceras romanas tantas romanas plan hipodamico (hipodamo de Mileto) garrafa romana bodega romana vinagre fontaner\u00eda romana <strong>termas romanas<\/strong> piscinas mu\u00f1ecos de juguete peine dados navaja bal\u00f3n zapato mesita de noche sol\u00e1rium reloj <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>READ brihadisvara sin cemento sentineles Roopkund skeleton kodinhi twins <strong>Sokushinbutsu<\/strong> automomificacion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cardo<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>card\u014d<\/em>) es un t\u00e9rmino empleado en la planificaci\u00f3n urban\u00edstica en el&nbsp;imperio romano. Denota una&nbsp;calle&nbsp;con orientaci\u00f3n norte-sur en un campamento militar o colonia. El cardo principal es el&nbsp;<em>Cardo Maximus<\/em>, que se cruza perpendicularmente con el&nbsp;<em>Decumanus Maximus<\/em>, la otra calle principal.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un agujero se abri\u00f3 en el piso de la pir\u00e1mide de Quetzalc\u00f3atl en Teotihuac\u00e1n, dejando al descubierto un t\u00fanel de 18 metros de profundidad y 103 metros de longitud, construido por los antiguos teotihuacanos hace unos 2.000 a\u00f1os. La&nbsp;Agencia de Noticias Xinhua&nbsp;(en&nbsp;chino,&nbsp;\u65b0\u534e\u793e;&nbsp;pinyin,&nbsp;X\u012bnhu\u00e1 sh\u00e8&nbsp;l\u00e9ase&nbsp;[Sin-Ju\u00e1](&nbsp;escuchar)Agencia Nueva China) es la&nbsp;agencia oficial de noticias&nbsp;del gobierno de la&nbsp;Rep\u00fablica Popular China&nbsp;y &#8230; <a title=\"Tech\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/11\/25\/tech\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Tech\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <p class=\"social-share\">\n            <strong><span>Sharing is caring<\/span><\/strong> <!--<i class=\"fa fa-share-alt\"><\/i>&nbsp;&nbsp;-->\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"facebook\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i> <span>Share<\/span><\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"gplus\"><i class=\"fab fa-google-plus\"><\/i> <span>+1<\/span><\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Tech&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F&amp;via=YOUR_TWITTER_HANDLE_HERE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"twitter\"><i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i> <span>Tweet<\/span><\/a>\n            <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=Tech\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"linkedin\"><i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i> <span>Share<\/span><\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/?text=Tech https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"whatsapp\"><i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\"><\/i> <span>Share<\/span><\/a>\n            <w>3307 words 144 views<\/w>\n        <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4236"}],"version-history":[{"count":60,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4674,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236\/revisions\/4674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}