{"id":4236,"date":"2021-11-25T12:57:45","date_gmt":"2021-11-25T17:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=4236"},"modified":"2021-11-27T19:00:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-28T00:00:29","slug":"tech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/11\/25\/tech\/","title":{"rendered":"Tech"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Descubren ramos de flores con casi 2000 a\u00f1os de antig\u00fcedad en zona arqueol\u00f3gica mexicana Teotihuac\u00e1n\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tajL-hTlJfU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Descubren ramos de flores con casi 2000 a\u00f1os de antig\u00fcedad en zona arqueol\u00f3gica mexicana Teotihuac\u00e1n China Xinhua Espa\u00f1ol<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un agujero se abri\u00f3 en el piso de la pir\u00e1mide de Quetzalc\u00f3atl en Teotihuac\u00e1n, dejando al descubierto un t\u00fanel de 18 metros de profundidad y 103 metros de longitud, construido por los antiguos teotihuacanos hace unos 2.000 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La&nbsp;<strong>Agencia de Noticias Xinhua<\/strong>&nbsp;(en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_chino\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">chino<\/a>,&nbsp;\u65b0\u534e\u793e;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinyin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pinyin<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>X\u012bnhu\u00e1 sh\u00e8<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e9ase&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayuda:Idioma_chino\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[Sin-Ju\u00e1]<\/a><small>(<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/Speaker_Icon.svg\/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/Speaker_Icon.svg\/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/Speaker_Icon.svg\/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png\">&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/En-us-Xinhua_from_China_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">escuchar<\/a>)<\/small><em>Agencia Nueva China<\/em>) es la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agencia_de_noticias\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">agencia oficial de noticias<\/a>&nbsp;del gobierno de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rep\u00fablica Popular China<\/a>&nbsp;y la m\u00e1s grande e influyente en China, as\u00ed como la agencia de noticias m\u00e1s grande del mundo en t\u00e9rminos de corresponsales en todo el mundo.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[1]<\/sup>&nbsp;International Media and Newspapers (30 de octubre de 2017).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171109100908\/http:\/\/www.4imn.com\/news-agencies\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abTop 200 News Agencies Worldwide\u00bb<\/a>. Archivado desde&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.4imn.com\/news-agencies\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">el original<\/a>&nbsp;el 9 de noviembre de 2017. Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fuego griego<\/strong>&nbsp;era el nombre que se le dio a dos tipos de armas incendiarias, una de la Edad Antigua y otra de la Edad Media.<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archivo:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a>Uso del fuego griego, ilustraci\u00f3n de una cr\u00f3nica bizantina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La primera estaba basada en el reflejo de la luz solar, siendo empleada en el siglo II a. C. durante el asedio de la ciudad griega de Siracusa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La segunda estaba basada en una sustancia incendiaria utilizada por el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_bizantino\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Imperio bizantino<\/a>. Fue creada en el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_VI\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">siglo VI<\/a>, aunque su mayor uso y difusi\u00f3n se dar\u00eda tras las primeras&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cruzadas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cruzadas<\/a>&nbsp;(siglo XIII), como arma naval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El poder del arma ven\u00eda no s\u00f3lo del hecho de que ard\u00eda en contacto con el agua, sino de que incluso ard\u00eda debajo de ella. En las batallas navales era por ello un arma de gran eficacia, causando grandes destrozos materiales y personales, y extendiendo, adem\u00e1s, el p\u00e1nico entre el enemigo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El motivo por el que se desconoce su composici\u00f3n es muy simple: la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armada_bizantina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">marina bizantina<\/a>&nbsp;de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alta_Edad_Media\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alta Edad Media<\/a>&nbsp;era, por mucho, la due\u00f1a del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterr%C3%A1neo_oriental\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mediterr\u00e1neo oriental<\/a>, y en la posesi\u00f3n del fuego griego estaba una de las claves de su superioridad, de manera que esta arma se consideraba secreta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Greek fire<\/strong>&nbsp;was an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incendiary_device\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">incendiary<\/a>&nbsp;weapon used by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Byzantine Empire<\/a>&nbsp;beginning&nbsp;c.\u2009672. Used to set fire to enemy ships, it consisted of a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon. Some historians believe it could be ignited on contact with water, and was probably based on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphtha\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">naphtha<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quicklime\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">quicklime<\/a>. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Byzantines<\/a>&nbsp;typically used it in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_warfare\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">naval battles<\/a>&nbsp;to great effect, as it could supposedly continue burning while floating on water. The technological advantage it provided was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantinople\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Constantinople<\/a>&nbsp;from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">first<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">second<\/a>&nbsp;Arab sieges, thus securing the Empire&#8217;s survival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, these mixtures used formulas different from that of Byzantine Greek fire, which was a closely guarded&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classified_information\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">state secret<\/a>. Byzantines also used pressurized nozzles to project the liquid onto the enemy, in a manner resembling a modern&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flamethrower\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">flamethrower<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although usage of the term &#8220;Greek fire&#8221; has been general in English and most other languages since the Crusades, original Byzantine sources called the substance a variety of names, such as &#8220;sea fire&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medieval_Greek\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Medieval Greek<\/a>:&nbsp;\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r thal\u00e1ssion<\/em>), &#8220;Roman fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u1fe5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r rh\u014dma\u00efk\u00f3n<\/em>), &#8220;war fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1&nbsp;<em>polemik\u00f2n p\u0177r<\/em>), &#8220;liquid fire&#8221; (\u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1&nbsp;<em>hygr\u00f2n p\u0177r<\/em>), &#8220;sticky fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r koll\u0113tik\u00f3n<\/em>), or &#8220;manufactured fire&#8221; (\u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd&nbsp;<em>p\u0177r skeuast\u00f3n<\/em>).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006608%E2%80%93609-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes195983-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The composition of Greek fire remains a matter of speculation and debate, with various proposals including combinations of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pine_resin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pine resin<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphtha\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">naphtha<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcium_oxide\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">quicklime<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcium_phosphide\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">calcium phosphide<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulfur\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sulfur<\/a>, or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niter\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">niter<\/a>. In his&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">history of Rome<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus_Livy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Titus Livy<\/a>&nbsp;describes priestesses of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacchus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bacchus<\/a>&nbsp;dipping fire into the water, which did not extinguish, &#8220;for it was sulphur mixed with lime.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pryor &amp; Jeffreys 2006<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;608\u2013609.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes195983_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes195983_2-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes195983_2-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes195983_2-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFForbes1959\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Forbes 1959<\/a>, p.&nbsp;83.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Constantine Porphyrogennetos&#8217; warnings show, the ingredients and the processes of manufacture and deployment of Greek fire were carefully guarded military secrets. So strict was the secrecy that the composition of Greek fire was lost forever and remains a source of speculation.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon2006290-30\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Consequently, the &#8220;mystery&#8221; of the formula has long dominated the research into Greek fire. Despite this almost exclusive focus, however, Greek fire is best understood as a complete weapon system of many components, all of which were needed to operate together to render it effective. This comprised not only the formula of its composition, but also the specialized&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dromon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">dromon<\/a>&nbsp;ships that carried it into battle, the device used to prepare the substance by heating and pressurizing it, the&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dn<\/em>&nbsp;projecting it, and the special training of the&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dnarioi<\/em>&nbsp;who used it.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoland1992660,_663-31\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Knowledge of the whole system was highly&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compartmentalization_(information_security)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">compartmentalised<\/a>, with operators and technicians aware of the secrets of only one component, ensuring that no enemy could gain knowledge of it in its entirety.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoland1992663%E2%80%93664-32\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This accounts for the fact that when the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Bulgarian_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bulgarians<\/a>&nbsp;took&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nesebar\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mesembria<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Debeltos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Debeltos<\/a>&nbsp;in 814, they captured 36&nbsp;<em>siph\u014dns<\/em>&nbsp;and even quantities of the substance itself,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesTurtledove1982178-33\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;but were unable to make any use of them.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoland1992663-34\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[34]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006609-35\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFHaldon2006\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Haldon 2006<\/a>, p.&nbsp;290.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoland1992660,_663_31-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFRoland1992\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Roland 1992<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;660, 663.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoland1992663%E2%80%93664_32-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFRoland1992\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Roland 1992<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;663\u2013664.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesTurtledove1982178_33-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFTheophanesTurtledove1982\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Theophanes &amp; Turtledove 1982<\/a>, p.&nbsp;178.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoland1992663_34-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFRoland1992\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Roland 1992<\/a>, p.&nbsp;663.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006609_35-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_fire#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pryor &amp; Jeffreys 2006<\/a>, p.&nbsp;609.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<strong>acero de Damasco<\/strong>&nbsp;(denominado tambi\u00e9n como&nbsp;<strong>acero damasceno<\/strong>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<strong>acero damasquino<\/strong>) es un tipo de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acero_de_crisol\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">acero de crisol<\/a>&nbsp;empleado y elaborado en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriente_Medio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Oriente Medio<\/a>&nbsp;para la fabricaci\u00f3n de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Espada\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">espadas<\/a>&nbsp;desde el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/900_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1100<\/a>&nbsp;hasta el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1750\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1750<\/a>. Las espadas de acero de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damasco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Damasco<\/a>&nbsp;eran legendarias por su dureza y su filo &#8220;casi eterno&#8221;, siendo muy aclamadas en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Europa<\/a>. La t\u00e9cnica empleada para su elaboraci\u00f3n es hoy en d\u00eda un debate entre&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metalurgia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">metal\u00fargicos<\/a>&nbsp;especialistas en la elaboraci\u00f3n del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acero\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">acero<\/a>. Las espadas de acero damasquinado se conoc\u00edan por los patrones de sus hojas. Hoy en d\u00eda se emplea en la elaboraci\u00f3n de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuchillo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cuchillos<\/a>&nbsp;de alta gama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las espadas originales de acero de Damasco se elaboraron en las vecindades de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damasco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Damasco<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siria\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Siria<\/a>, en el periodo que va desde el a\u00f1o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/900\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">900<\/a>&nbsp;hasta&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1750\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1750<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A SCAM? El\u00a0<strong>manuscrito Voynich<\/strong>\u00a0es un libro ilustrado, de contenidos desconocidos, escrito por un autor an\u00f3nimo en un alfabeto no identificado y un idioma incomprensible. Su nombre proviene del comerciante de libros antiguos\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_M._Voynich\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wilfrid M. Voynich<\/a>\u00a0(1865-1930), quien lo adquiri\u00f3 en 1912. Actualmente se conserva en la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblioteca_Beinecke_de_libros_raros_y_manuscritos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Biblioteca Beinecke de libros raros y manuscritos<\/a>\u00a0de la Universidad de Yale como MS 408. La\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dataci%C3%B3n_por_radiocarbono\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">dataci\u00f3n por carbono 14<\/a>\u00a0ha determinado que el pergamino en el cual est\u00e1 escrito fue fabricado entre 1404 y 1438. El an\u00e1lisis estil\u00edstico, tanto de la escritura como de las ilustraciones, ha corroborado su origen en el siglo XV y la procedencia de alg\u00fan pa\u00eds de Europa Central, posiblemente Alemania o el norte de Italia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<strong>mecanismo de Anticitera<\/strong>&nbsp;es una&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computadora_anal%C3%B3gica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">computadora anal\u00f3gica<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-amrp-07-1-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-seaman-11-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-swedinFerro2007-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-paphitis-06-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b (o mec\u00e1nica) de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antigua_Grecia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">antig\u00fcedad<\/a>. Supuestamente construido por cient\u00edficos griegos, el instrumento se data entre los a\u00f1os&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_II_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">150 a. C.<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_I_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">100&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-freeth-06-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b o, seg\u00fan una observaci\u00f3n reciente, hacia el a\u00f1o 200&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-Carman_Evans-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-NYT-20141124-JM-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b El componente fue recuperado en el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mar_Egeo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">mar Egeo<\/a>, entre los a\u00f1os 1900 y 1901, de un antiguo&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pecio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">naufragio<\/a>&nbsp;cercano a la isla&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grecia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">griega<\/a>&nbsp;de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anticitera\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Anticitera<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-price-74-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Este artefacto aparentemente fue dise\u00f1ado para predecir posiciones astron\u00f3micas y los eclipses de hasta diecinueve a\u00f1os con prop\u00f3sitos astrol\u00f3gicos y calend\u00e1ricos,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-freeth-06-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-freeth-12-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-pinotsis-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b y predecir tambi\u00e9n la fecha exacta de seis cert\u00e1menes griegos antiguos, entre los que se encuentran los cuatro principales&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juegos_Panhel%C3%A9nicos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">juegos Panhel\u00e9nicos<\/a>&nbsp;y dos juegos m\u00e1s de menor entidad.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-freeth-08-1-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_note-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110221204426\/http:\/\/www.antikythera-mechanism.gr\/project\/overview\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abThe Antikythera Mechanism Research Project\u00bb<\/a>. The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Archivado desde&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.antikythera-mechanism.gr\/project\/overview\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">el original<\/a>&nbsp;el 21 de febrero de 2011. Consultado el 1 de julio de 2007. \u00abThe Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical &#8216;computer&#8217; which tracks the cycles of the Solar System.\u00bb<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-seaman-11_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Seaman, Bill; R\u00f6ssler, Otto E. (1 de enero de 2011).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wfOBzvKCc5IC&amp;pg=PT111\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Neosentience: The Benevolence Engine<\/em><\/a>. Intellect Books. p.&nbsp;111.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/978-1-84150-404-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-1-84150-404-9<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2013. \u00abMike G. Edmunds and colleagues used imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography to study fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism, a bronze mechanical analog computer thought to calculate astronomical positions\u00bb.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-swedinFerro2007_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Eric_G._Swedin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Swedin, Eric G.<\/a>; Ferro, David L. (24 de octubre de 2007).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IJXYoPiwvOMC&amp;pg=PA1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Computers: The Life Story of a Technology<\/em><\/a>. JHU Press. p.&nbsp;1.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/978-0-8018-8774-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-0-8018-8774-1<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2013. \u00abIt was a mechanical computer for calculating lunar, solar, and stellar calendars.\u00bb<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-paphitis-06_4-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Paphitis, Nicholas (30 de noviembre de 2006).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/11\/30\/AR2006113001303.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abExperts: Fragments an Ancient Computer\u00bb<\/a>. Washington Post. \u00abImagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.\u00bb<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>j<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>l<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>m<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-13\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>n<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>\u00f1<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-15\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>o<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-06_5-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>q<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;(30 de noviembre de 2006).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150720140838\/http:\/\/www.antikythera-mechanism.gr\/system\/files\/0608_Nature.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abDecoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>. 444 Supplement (7119): 587-91.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2006Natur.444..587F\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2006Natur.444..587F<\/a><\/small>.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17136087\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">17136087<\/a><\/small>.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature05357\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.1038\/nature05357<\/a><\/small>. Archivado desde&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.antikythera-mechanism.gr\/system\/files\/0608_Nature.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">el original<\/a>&nbsp;el 20 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2014.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-Carman_Evans_6-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-Carman_Evans_6-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-Carman_Evans_6-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Carman, Christi\u00e1n C.; Evans, James (15 de noviembre de 2014).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00407-014-0145-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abOn the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Archive for History of Exact Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>68<\/strong>&nbsp;(6): 693-774.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00407-014-0145-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.1007\/s00407-014-0145-5<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 26 de noviembre de 2014.<\/li><li>Markoff, John (24 de noviembre de 2014).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/11\/25\/science\/solving-the-riddles-of-an-early-astronomical-calculator.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abOn the Trail of an Ancient Mystery &#8211; Solving the Riddles of an Early Astronomical Calculator\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Times\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">New York Times<\/a><\/em>. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2014.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-price-74_8-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-price-74_8-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Price, Derek de Solla (1974). \u00abGears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C.\u00bb.&nbsp;<em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>64<\/strong>&nbsp;(7): 1-70.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307%2F1006146\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.2307\/1006146<\/a><\/small>.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>j<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>l<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>m<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-13\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>n<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>\u00f1<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-15\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>o<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>q<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>r<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>s<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-12_9-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>t<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander (2012).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dlib.nyu.edu\/awdl\/isaw\/isaw-papers\/4\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism<\/em><\/a>. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2014.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-pinotsis_10-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Pinotsis, A. D. (30 de agosto de 2007).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10556790601136925#.VLAIyifXyn0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abThe Antikythera mechanism: who was its creator and what was its use and purpose?\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>26<\/strong>.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10556790601136925\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.1080\/10556790601136925<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 9 de enero de 2015.<\/li><li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-08-1_11-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-08-1_11-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-08-1_11-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-freeth-08-1_11-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 de julio de 2008).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101017131442\/http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v454\/n7204\/full\/nature07130.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abCalendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>454<\/strong>&nbsp;(7204): 614-617.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2008Natur.454..614F\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2008Natur.454..614F<\/a><\/small>.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18668103\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">18668103<\/a><\/small>.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature07130\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.1038\/nature07130<\/a><\/small>. Archivado desde&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v454\/n7204\/full\/nature07130.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">el original<\/a>&nbsp;el 17 de octubre de 2010.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecanismo_de_Anticitera#cite_ref-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lanacion.com.ar\/1907682-confirman-el-funcionamiento-del-mecanismo-de-anticitera-la-computadora-de-los-griegos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abConfirman el funcionamiento del mecanismo de Anticitera, la computadora milenaria\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>La Naci\u00f3n<\/em>. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2017.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zhang Heng<\/strong>&nbsp;(en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chino_tradicional\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">chino tradicional<\/a>, \u5f35\u8861;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chino_simplificado\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">chino simplificado<\/a>, \u5f20\u8861;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piny%C3%ADn\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">piny\u00edn<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Zh\u0101ng H\u00e9ng<\/em>;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/78\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">78<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/139\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">139<\/a>)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b fue un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polimat%C3%ADa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pol\u00edmata<\/a>&nbsp;reconocido (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cient%C3%ADfico\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cient\u00edfico<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astr%C3%B3nomo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">astr\u00f3nomo<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pintor\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pintor<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inventor\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">inventor<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escritor\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">escritor<\/a>) de origen chino.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Naci\u00f3 en la ciudad de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanyang\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nanyang<\/a>, en la provincia de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Henan<\/a>. Es reconocido por inventar un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telescopio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">telescopio<\/a>&nbsp;y un tipo temprano de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sism%C3%B3grafo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sism\u00f3grafo<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Yan, Hong-Sen (18 de noviembre de 2007).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.mx\/books?id=gjYWGIH9rZcC&amp;pg=PA127&amp;dq=zhang+heng&amp;hl=es-419&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj_ucH38MzpAhUFKa0KHT5aD5UQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&amp;q=zhang%20heng&amp;f=false\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Springer Science &amp; Business Media.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/978-1-4020-6460-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-1-4020-6460-9<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Rana, Lalita (2008).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.mx\/books?id=8DQko5PKaGkC&amp;pg=PA88&amp;dq=zhang+heng+was+born&amp;hl=es-419&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjj_vuq8czpAhVNVs0KHZJuAOgQ6AEISDAD#v=onepage&amp;q=zhang%20heng%20was%20born&amp;f=false\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Geographical thought<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Concept Publishing Company.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/978-81-8069-536-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-81-8069-536-0<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Perkins, Dorothy (19 de noviembre de 2013).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.mx\/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA614&amp;dq=zhang+heng+was+born&amp;hl=es-419&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjj_vuq8czpAhVNVs0KHZJuAOgQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&amp;q=zhang%20heng%20was%20born&amp;f=false\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(en ingl\u00e9s). Routledge.&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/978-1-135-93562-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-1-135-93562-7<\/a><\/small>. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2020.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El trabajo m\u00e1s famoso de Zhang Heng fue el &#8220;detector de terremotos&#8221; que perfeccion\u00f3 en el a\u00f1o 132&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C., mil setecientos a\u00f1os antes del primer&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sism%C3%B3grafo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sism\u00f3grafo<\/a>&nbsp;europeo.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-needham_1986_volume_4_30-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-wright_2001_66-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_note-huang_1997_64-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Zhang asombr\u00f3 a la corte imperial con este dispositivo, que pod\u00eda detectar terremotos tan distantes que nadie cercano lo sent\u00eda siquiera. Era un dispositivo en forma de jarr\u00f3n, al que se le pegaban varias cabezas en bronce de dragones, cada una con una pelota tambi\u00e9n de bronce en su boca; alrededor del pie ten\u00eda varios sapos de bronce con las bocas abiertas. Si la m\u00e1quina detectaba un temblor de tierra, una bola de bronce, autom\u00e1ticamente, se soltaba y ca\u00eda en la boca de uno de los sapos. La posici\u00f3n de uno de los sapos en cuesti\u00f3n indicaba la direcci\u00f3n en la cual proced\u00eda el temblor. En una famosa ocasi\u00f3n, una bola cay\u00f3 sin que se observara terremoto perceptible; pero, varios d\u00edas despu\u00e9s, lleg\u00f3 un mensajero con noticias de un terremoto en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kasu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kasu<\/a>, a 600&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kil%C3%B3metro\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kil\u00f3metros<\/a>&nbsp;de la corte y en la direcci\u00f3n indicada por la m\u00e1quina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No obstante y a pesar de sus creaciones, es err\u00f3neo acreditar a Zhang Heng con la invenci\u00f3n del sism\u00f3grafo. Su m\u00e1quina detectaba los terremotos y su procedencia, no los med\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Needham (1986) v. 4, 30.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_ref-wright_2001_66_10-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Wright (2001), 66.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Heng#cite_ref-huang_1997_64_11-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Huang (1997), 64.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Ulfberht swords<\/strong>&nbsp;are about 170&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medieval_sword\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">medieval swords<\/a>&nbsp;found in Europe,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_note-:0-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;dated to the 9th to 11th centuries, with blades&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damascening\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">inlaid<\/a>&nbsp;with the inscription&nbsp;<em>+VLFBERH+T or +VLFBERHT+<\/em>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_note-:0-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The word &#8220;Ulfberht&#8221; is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frankish_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Frankish<\/a>&nbsp;personal name that became the basis of a trademark of sorts, used by multiple bladesmiths for several centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_ref-:0_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_ref-:0_3-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_ref-:0_3-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_ref-:0_3-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Moilanen, Mikko (2018).&nbsp;<em>Viikinkimiekat Suomessa<\/em>. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. pp.&nbsp;169\u2013175.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-952-222-964-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-952-222-964-9<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulfberht_swords#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Wegeli (1904), p. 12, fig. 3.; Stralsberg (2008:6) classifies the &#8220;correctly&#8221; spelled inscriptions into five classes, 1. +VLFBERH+T (46 to 51 examples), 2. +VLFBERHT+ (18 to 23 examples), 3. VLFBERH+T (4 to 6 examples), 4. +VLFBERH\u253cT+ (1 or 2 examples), 5. +VLFBERH+T (10 examples), with a sixth class of &#8220;misspellings&#8221; (+VLEBERHIT, +VLFBEHT+, +VLFBERH+, +VLFBER\u251c\u253c\u253cT, +VLFBERTH, 17 examples) and a seventh class &#8220;not definable&#8221; (31 or 32 examples). Stalsberg (2008) explains the numerous misspellings in the inscriptions by the &#8220;use of illiterate slaves in the smithy&#8221;.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un&nbsp;<strong>dodecaedro romano<\/strong>&nbsp;es un peque\u00f1o objeto hueco de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bronce\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bronce<\/a>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piedra\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">piedra<\/a>&nbsp;de forma&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dodecaedro\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">dodeca\u00e9drica<\/a>, es decir doce caras pentagonales planas; cada cara tiene un agujero circular de di\u00e1metro variable en el centro, los orificios se conectan al centro hueco. Los dodecaedros romanos datan de los siglos II o III d. C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No mention of dodecahedrons has been found in contemporary accounts or pictures of the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Speculative uses include as a candlestick holder (wax was found inside two examples); dice; survey instruments for estimating distances to (or sizes of) distant objects;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;devices for determining the optimal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_sowing\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sowing<\/a>&nbsp;date for winter grain;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;gauges to calibrate water pipes,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquila_(Roman)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">legionary standard<\/a>&nbsp;bases,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;or a coin measuring device for counterfeit detection. Several dodecahedra were found in coin hoards, providing evidence that their owners either considered them valuable objects, or believed their only use was connected with coins.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sparavigna, A. (2012). &#8220;Roman dodecahedron as dioptron: Analysis of freely available data&#8221;.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">arXiv<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1206.0946\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1206.0946<\/a>.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Wagemans, G.M.C. (c. 2015).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.romandodecahedron.com\/the-hypothesis\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Hypothesis: The Roman pentagon dodecahedron&nbsp;[is]&nbsp;an astronomic measuring instrument for determining the optimal sowing date for winter grain&#8221;<\/a>&nbsp;(in English and Dutch). Retrieved&nbsp;2021-11-08.&nbsp;\u2014 This webpage also has a map of the dodecahedron find sites.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Lieder, Nancy (2021-08-30).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/poleshift.ning.com\/forum\/topics\/zetatalk-chat-for-august-31-2021?commentId=3863141%3AComment%3A1143874\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Use or function of Roman dodecahedrons&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Earth Changes and the Pole Shift<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;2021-08-30.&nbsp;<q>They were designed to hold standard poles, of various sizes.<\/q><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_dodecahedron#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Greiner, Bernhard A. (1996). &#8220;R\u00f6mische Dodekaeder: Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Herstellung, Verbreitung, und Funktion&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1995<\/em>&nbsp;(in German). pp.&nbsp;9\u201344.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las&nbsp;<strong>esferas de piedra de Costa Rica<\/strong>&nbsp;son un grupo de m\u00e1s de quinientas&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petroesfera\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">petroesferas<\/a>&nbsp;precolombinas de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultura_del_Diqu%C3%ADs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cultura del Diqu\u00eds<\/a>&nbsp;ubicadas principalmente en el sur de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costa_Rica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Costa Rica<\/a>, en la llanura aluvial del Delta del Diqu\u00eds (confluencia del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%ADo_Sierpe\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">r\u00edo Sierpe<\/a>&nbsp;y el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%ADo_T%C3%A9rraba\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">r\u00edo Grande de T\u00e9rraba<\/a>), en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Osa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pen\u00ednsula de Osa<\/a>&nbsp;y en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isla_del_Ca%C3%B1o\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Isla del Ca\u00f1o<\/a>. La zona pertenece al&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sierpe_(Costa_Rica)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">distrito de Sierpe<\/a>, en el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Osa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cant\u00f3n de Osa<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como conjunto, las esferas se consideran \u00fanicas en el mundo por su n\u00famero, tama\u00f1o, perfecci\u00f3n, formaci\u00f3n de esquemas organizados y abstracci\u00f3n ajena a modelos naturales. Su gran valor radica en que se hicieron bajo condiciones tecnol\u00f3gicas y sociales consideradas muy dif\u00edciles en la actualidad. No obstante, las sociedades ind\u00edgenas que las esculpieron lo hicieron de forma casi perfecta, con acabados muy finos en muchos casos, y con tama\u00f1os que van desde los pocos cent\u00edmetros a cerca de 2,6 metros de di\u00e1metro. Las esferas se produjeron y utilizaron durante un periodo que va de los a\u00f1os 400 a 500 d.C, hasta la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_Am%C3%A9rica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">conquista espa\u00f1ola<\/a>, en un lapso cercano a los 1000 a\u00f1os.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esferas_de_piedra_de_Costa_Rica#cite_note-:0-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En la actualidad, las esferas de piedra se consideran como la manifestaci\u00f3n art\u00edstica por excelencia de la escultura precolombina costarricense. En&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2014<\/a>, la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unesco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Unesco<\/a>&nbsp;eligi\u00f3 al conjunto de asentamientos cacicales precolombinos con esferas de piedra de Diqu\u00eds como&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrimonio_de_la_Humanidad\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Patrimonio de la Humanidad<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esferas_de_piedra_de_Costa_Rica#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b El 16 de julio de 2014, la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asamblea_Legislativa_de_Costa_Rica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica<\/a>&nbsp;las declar\u00f3 como s\u00edmbolo nacional.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esferas_de_piedra_de_Costa_Rica#cite_note-:1-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nacion.com\/viva\/cultura\/el-diquis-las-esferas-de-piedra-y-su-valor-cultural-universal\/VBF5ODRHJVHRFBJJUHFCFTJLAM\/story\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abEl Diqu\u00eds, las esferas de piedra y su valor cultural universal\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>www.nacion.com<\/em>. 19 de junio de 2016. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2019.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esferas_de_piedra_de_Costa_Rica#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/es\/media-services\/single-view\/news\/pre_columbian_sites_in_costa_rica_declared_world_heritage\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abSitios con esferas precolombinas en Costa Rica son Patrimonio Mundial\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>unesco.org<\/em>. 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2019.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esferas_de_piedra_de_Costa_Rica#cite_ref-:1_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Cambronero, Natasha (16 de julio de 2014).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nacion.com\/nacional\/politica\/Declaran-esferas-precolombinas-s%C3%ADmbolo-nacional_0_1427057531.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abEsferas precolombinas son declaradas s\u00edmbolo nacional\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>La Naci\u00f3n<\/em>. Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2014.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ plano aceras romanas tantas romanas plan hipodamico (hipodamo de Mileto) garrafa romana bodega romana vinagre fontaner\u00eda romana <strong>termas romanas<\/strong> piscinas mu\u00f1ecos de juguete peine dados navaja bal\u00f3n zapato mesita de noche sol\u00e1rium reloj <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ brihadisvara sin cemento sentineles Roopkund skeleton kodinhi twins <strong>Sokushinbutsu<\/strong> automomificacion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cardo<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>card\u014d<\/em>) es un t\u00e9rmino empleado en la planificaci\u00f3n urban\u00edstica en el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_romano\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">imperio romano<\/a>. Denota una&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">calle<\/a>&nbsp;con orientaci\u00f3n norte-sur en un campamento militar o colonia. El cardo principal es el&nbsp;<em>Cardo Maximus<\/em>, que se cruza perpendicularmente con el&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decumano\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Decumanus Maximus<\/a><\/em>, la otra calle principal.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un agujero se abri\u00f3 en el piso de la pir\u00e1mide de Quetzalc\u00f3atl en Teotihuac\u00e1n, dejando al descubierto un t\u00fanel de 18 metros de profundidad y 103 metros de longitud, construido por los antiguos teotihuacanos hace unos 2.000 a\u00f1os. La&nbsp;Agencia de Noticias Xinhua&nbsp;(en&nbsp;chino,&nbsp;\u65b0\u534e\u793e;&nbsp;pinyin,&nbsp;X\u012bnhu\u00e1 sh\u00e8&nbsp;l\u00e9ase&nbsp;[Sin-Ju\u00e1](&nbsp;escuchar)Agencia Nueva China) es la&nbsp;agencia oficial de noticias&nbsp;del gobierno de la&nbsp;Rep\u00fablica Popular China&nbsp;y &#8230; <a title=\"Tech\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/11\/25\/tech\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Tech\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"social-share asbm-share-block\"><strong class=\"asbm-share-title\">Sharing is caring<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-facebook\" style=\"background:#166fe5\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Facebook\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Tech&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-twitter\" style=\"background:#000000\" aria-label=\"Compartir en X \/ Twitter\"><i class=\"fab fa-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>X \/ Twitter<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-linkedin\" style=\"background:#0a66c2\" aria-label=\"Compartir en LinkedIn\"><i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/?text=Tech%20https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-whatsapp\" style=\"background:#075e54\" aria-label=\"Compartir en WhatsApp\"><i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F&#038;text=Tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-telegram\" style=\"background:#0e638c\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Telegram\"><i class=\"fab fa-telegram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>Telegram<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F&#038;title=Tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share-reddit\" style=\"background:#cc3700\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Reddit\"><i class=\"fab fa-reddit\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>Reddit<\/span><\/a><a href=\"mailto:?subject=Tech&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Ftech%2F\" class=\"asbm-share-email\" style=\"background:#4a5568\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Email\"><i class=\"fas fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>Email<\/span><\/a><span class=\"asbm-share-meta\">3307 words \u00b7 145 views<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4236"}],"version-history":[{"count":60,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4674,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4236\/revisions\/4674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}