{"id":4543,"date":"2021-11-28T20:00:20","date_gmt":"2021-11-29T01:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=4543"},"modified":"2021-11-28T20:00:21","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T01:00:21","slug":"resonance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/11\/28\/resonance\/","title":{"rendered":"Resonance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Submitted: 21 February 2018Accepted: 22 June 2018Published Online: 20 July 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Electromagnetic properties of the Great Pyramid: First multipole resonances and energy concentration&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/topic\/collections\/featured?SeriesKey=jap\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Journal of Applied Physics&nbsp;<strong>124<\/strong>, 034903 (2018);&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5026556\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5026556<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/author\/Balezin%2C+Mikhail\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mikhail Balezin<\/a><sup>1<\/sup><em>,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/author\/Baryshnikova%2C+Kseniia+V\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kseniia V. Baryshnikova<\/a><sup>1<\/sup><em>,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7315-4316\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/author\/Kapitanova%2C+Polina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&nbsp;Polina Kapitanova<\/a><sup>1<\/sup><em>, and&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/author\/Evlyukhin%2C+Andrey+B\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Andrey B. Evlyukhin<\/a><sup>1,2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Resonant response of the Great Pyramid interacting with external electromagnetic waves of the radio frequency range (the wavelength range is 200\u2013600 m) is theoretically investigated. With the help of numerical simulations and multipole decomposition, it is found that spectra of the extinction and scattering cross sections include resonant features associated with excitation of the Pyramid&#8217;s electromagnetic dipole and quadrupole moments. Electromagnetic field distributions inside the Pyramid at the resonant conditions are demonstrated and discussed for two cases, when the Pyramid is located in a homogeneous space or on a substrate. It is revealed that the Pyramid&#8217;s chambers can collect and concentrate electromagnetic energy for the both surrounding conditions. In the case of the Pyramid on the substrate, at the shorter wavelengths, the electromagnetic energy accumulates in the chambers providing local spectral maxima for electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that basically the Pyramid scatters the electromagnetic waves and focuses them into the substrate region. The spectral dependence of the focusing effect is discussed. https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.5026556<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/ancient-egypt-incredible-electromagnetic-discovery-great-pyramid-gizas-hidden-1049578\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/ancient-egypt-incredible-electromagnetic-discovery-great-pyramid-gizas-hidden-1049578<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El italiano Micah Barak identific\u00f3 la pieza como un objeto llamado \u00abfondo de Isis\u00bb, por la diosa egipcia Isis, que produce la&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/weberbio.de\/weber-isis-beamer-1-3.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">empresa alemana Weber<\/a>&nbsp;como protecci\u00f3n y cura \u00abenerg\u00e9tica\u00bb. Qui\u00e9n y para qu\u00e9 lo enterr\u00f3 all\u00ed sigue siendo un misterio. https:\/\/www.abc.es\/recreo\/abci-misterioso-objeto-intrigaba-autoridad-antiguedades-israel-201512231117_noticia.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resuelto el misterio matem\u00e1tico de la tabla de Babilonia hallada por el aut\u00e9ntico Indiana Jones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cient\u00edficos aseguran haber encontrado la evidencia de trigonometr\u00eda m\u00e1s antigua de la Historia en una talla de 3.700 a\u00f1os de antig\u00fcedad. Adem\u00e1s, creen que refleja una nueva metodolog\u00eda m\u00e1s precisa y sencilla que la empleada hoy en d\u00eda <strong>ABC.ES<\/strong>MADRIDActualizado:29\/08\/2017&nbsp;12:05h https:\/\/www.abc.es\/ciencia\/abci-resuelto-misterio-matematico-tabla-babilonia-hallada-autentico-indiana-jones-201708262111_noticia.html Recibe el nombre de Plimpton 322 y es una peque\u00f1a tabla de arcilla tallada hace 3.700 a\u00f1os en la antigua ciudad de Larsa, en Babilonia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta interesante y enigm\u00e1tica pieza fue descubierta a principios del siglo pasado en el Imperio Otomano, en los territorios que hoy ocupa Iraq. El art\u00edfice del hallazgo fue&nbsp;<strong>Edgar Banks<\/strong>, un notable personaje que fue arque\u00f3logo, acad\u00e9mico, diplom\u00e1tico y comerciante de antig\u00fcedades. La tabla, ahora almacenada en la Universidad de Columbia (Estados Unidos) acumul\u00f3 polvo durante d\u00e9cadas despu\u00e9s de ser descubierta.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Carn Brea Castle<\/strong>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carn_Brea,_Redruth\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Carn Brea<\/a>&nbsp;is a 14th-century&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Listed_building\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">grade II listed<\/a>&nbsp;granite stone building which was extensively remodelled in the 18th century as a hunting lodge in the style of a castle for the Basset family. The building is in private use as a restaurant.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carn_Brea_Castle#cite_note-Chapman2008-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[1]<\/sup>&nbsp;Chapman, Sarah; Chapman, David (2008),&nbsp;<em>Iconic Cornwall<\/em>, Alison Hodge Publishers, p.&nbsp;16,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-906720-57-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0-906720-57-8<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Resumen: El&nbsp;<strong>sello de oro del rey de Na<\/strong>&nbsp;es una pieza arqueol\u00f3gica designada como Tesoro Nacional Japon\u00e9s, cuya interpretaci\u00f3n ha sido pol\u00e9mica a lo largo de los siglos.<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/abudinen.com\/2144b2ea-b667-4951-a3f3-da7b2eedc1ed\" alt=\"\">https:\/\/www.ucm.es&nbsp;\u203a file \u203a b&#8230;PDF <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/archivoepigraficohispania\/file\/bae07-f05#:~:text=Resumen%3A%20El%20sello%20de%20oro,lo%20largo%20de%20los%20siglos.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">El sello de oro del rey de Na &#8211; Universidad Complutense de Madrid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ tesoro anglosajon monedas de plata ruinaa enigmaticas fosil de espera animal <strong>Venus de Willendorf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>upland moa<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>Megalapteryx didinus<\/em>) was a species of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">moa<\/a>&nbsp;endemic to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">New Zealand<\/a>. It was a member of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ratite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ratite<\/a>&nbsp;family, a type of flightless bird with no&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keel_(bird)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">keel<\/a>&nbsp;on the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sternum\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sternum<\/a>. It was the last moa species to become extinct, vanishing around 1500 CE, and was predominantly found in alpine and sub-alpine environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The lead codices\u2014this year\u2019s \u2018Gospel of Judas\u2019?<\/strong> by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creation.com\/lita-sanders\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lita Sanders<\/a> Published: 17 April 2011 (GMT+10) Recently, it has come to light that Oxford\u2019s Dr. Peter Thonemann has staked his career on the assertion that at least one of the codices (this one a copper one) is a forgery produced in the last 50 years. This is based on some of the \u2018Hebrew\u2019 on the codices being lifted from an Aramaic\/Greek inscription first published in 1958 from a tombstone.<sup><a>10<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This evidence seems particularly damning and is convincing evidence of a rather unintelligent forgery. As such, this doesn\u2019t bode well for the collection as a whole. The major news organizations are however, at the time of writing (5 April), still running irresponsible stories about the codices being \u2018the earliest Christian documents\u2019 and them containing \u2018the earliest picture of Jesus\u2019. Christians should neither be over-excited at the prospect of \u2018new revelation\u2019 such documents could give about earliest Christianity, nor should their faith be challenged by them. https:\/\/creation.com\/lead-codices<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ juguetes radioactivos at\u00f3micos 1950 la radiation no estaba mal vista drogas en alimentos y medicamentos xx vino de cocaina histeria mujer orgasmo masajes 1913-15 envio de ni\u00f1os por correo jaulas para bebes excursiones a manicomios coleccionar partes del cuerpo ermita\u00f1os en el jardin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<em><strong>Codex Gigas<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lat%C3%ADn\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">lat\u00edn<\/a>: \u2018libro grande\u2019), tambi\u00e9n conocido como&nbsp;<em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%B3dice\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">C\u00f3dice<\/a>&nbsp;Gigas<\/strong><\/em>,&nbsp;<em><strong>C\u00f3dice del Diablo<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<em><strong>C\u00f3dice de Satan\u00e1s<\/strong><\/em>, es un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_antigua\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">antiguo<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuscrito\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">manuscrito<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_medieval\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">medieval<\/a>&nbsp;en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergamino\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pergamino<\/a>&nbsp;creado a principios del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_xiii\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">siglo&nbsp;xiii<\/a>&nbsp;y escrito en lat\u00edn presuntamente por el monje&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1n_el_Recluso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Germ\u00e1n el Recluso<\/a>&nbsp;del monasterio de Podla\u017eice (en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrudim\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Chrudim<\/a>, centro de la actual&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rep\u00fablica Checa<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<em><strong>Libro de Dzyan<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(que comprende las&nbsp;<em><strong>Estancias de Dzyan<\/strong><\/em>) es un supuesto antiguo texto de origen&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%ADbet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">tibetano<\/a>. Las&nbsp;<em>Estancias<\/em>&nbsp;sirvi\u00f3 de base para&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_doctrina_secreta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">La doctrina secreta<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;(1888), una de las obras fundacionales del movimiento&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teosof%C3%ADa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">teos\u00f3fico<\/a>, de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helena_Blavatsky\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Helena Petrovna Blavatsky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<em><strong>Malleus Maleficarum<\/strong><\/em>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;usually translated as the&nbsp;<em><strong>Hammer of Witches<\/strong><\/em>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;is the best known treatise on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Witchcraft\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">witchcraft<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20091-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;It was written by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholic<\/a>&nbsp;clergyman&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Kramer\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Heinrich Kramer<\/a>&nbsp;(under his&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latinisation_of_names\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Latinized<\/a>&nbsp;name&nbsp;<em>Henricus Institor<\/em>) and first published in the German city of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speyer\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Speyer<\/a>&nbsp;in 1486. It has been described as the compendium of literature in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demonology\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">demonology<\/a>&nbsp;of the 15th century. The top theologians of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inquisition\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Inquisition<\/a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Cologne\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Faculty of Cologne<\/a>&nbsp;condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent with Catholic doctrines of demonology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;Alternative translations:&nbsp;<em>The Witch Hammer<\/em>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Hammer for Sorceresses<\/em>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Hammer Against Witches<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Hammer For Witches<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;Translator&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montague_Summers\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Montague Summers<\/a>&nbsp;consistently uses &#8220;the&nbsp;<em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>&#8221; (or simply &#8220;the&nbsp;<em>Malleus<\/em>&#8220;) in his 1928 and 1948 introductions.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090718110138\/http:\/\/www.malleusmaleficarum.org\/mm00c.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.malleusmaleficarum.org\/mm00c.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 2009-07-18. Retrieved&nbsp;2016-02-05.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070607182655\/http:\/\/www.malleusmaleficarum.org\/mm00b.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.malleusmaleficarum.org\/mm00b.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 2007-06-07. Retrieved&nbsp;2007-06-01.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;In his translation of the&nbsp;<em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, Christopher S. Mackay explains the terminology at length \u2013&nbsp;<em>sorcerer<\/em>&nbsp;is used to preserve the relationship of the Latin terminology. &#8216;&#8221;Malefium&#8221; = act of sorcery (literally an act of &#8216;evil-doing&#8217;), while &#8220;malefica&#8221; = female performers of sorcery (evil deeds) and &#8220;maleficus&#8221; = male performer of evil deeds; sorcery, sorceress, and sorcerer.&#8221;<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'_4-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#CITEREFGuiley2008\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Guiley (2008)<\/a>, p.&nbsp;223&#8242;.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009_5-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#CITEREFMackay2009\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mackay (2009)<\/a>.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_7-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_7-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#CITEREFMackay2009\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mackay (2009)<\/a>, p.&nbsp;1.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_8-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum#CITEREFSummers2012\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Summers (2012)<\/a>, p.&nbsp;vii, Introduction to 1948 edition: &#8220;It is hardly disputed that in the whole vast literature of witchcraft, the most prominent, the most important, the most authoritative volume is the&nbsp;<em>Malleus Maleficarum&#8221; (<\/em>The Witch Hammer<em>) of Heinrich Kramer (Henricus Institioris) and James Sprenger.&#8221;<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Copiale cipher<\/strong>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cipher\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">encrypted<\/a>&nbsp;manuscript consisting of 75,000 handwritten characters filling 105 pages in a bound volume.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-AAAS-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Undeciphered for more than 260 years, the document was cracked in 2011 with the help of modern computer techniques. An international team consisting of Kevin Knight of the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.isi.edu\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USC_Viterbi_School_of_Engineering\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">USC Viterbi School of Engineering<\/a>, along with Be\u00e1ta Megyesi and Christiane Schaefer of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uppsala_University\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Uppsala University<\/a>&nbsp;in Sweden, found the cipher to be an encrypted German text. The manuscript is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophonic_cipher\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">homophonic cipher<\/a>&nbsp;that uses a complex&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substitution_cipher\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">substitution code<\/a>, including symbols and letters, for its text and spaces.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Markoff-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Previously examined by scientists at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">German Academy of Sciences at Berlin<\/a>&nbsp;in the 1970s, the cipher was thought to date from between 1760 and 1780.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Bild.de-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Decipherment revealed that the document had been created in the 1730s by a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secret_society\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">secret society<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-AAAS-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Markoff-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-ACL-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;called the &#8220;high enlightened (Hocherleuchtete) oculist order&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Uppsala-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wolfenb\u00fcttel<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;or Oculists.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Uppsala-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Wired_Nov_2012-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The Oculists used&nbsp;<em>sight<\/em>&nbsp;as a metaphor for knowledge.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A parallel manuscript is kept at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staatsarchiv_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Staatsarchiv Wolfenb\u00fcttel<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Uppsala-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Copiale cipher includes abstract symbols, as well as letters from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_alphabet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>&nbsp;and most of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_alphabet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Roman<\/a>&nbsp;alphabet. The only plain text in the book is &#8220;Copiales 3&#8221; at the end and &#8220;Philipp 1866&#8221; on the flyleaf. Philipp is thought to have been an owner of the manuscript.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-Uppsala-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The plain-text letters of the message were found to be encoded by accented Roman letters, Greek letters and symbols, with unaccented Roman letters serving only to represent spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The researchers found that the initial 16 pages describe an Oculist initiation ceremony. The manuscript portrays, among other things, an initiation ritual in which the candidate is asked to read a blank piece of paper and, on confessing inability to do so, is given eyeglasses and asked to try again, and then again after washing the eyes with a cloth, followed by an &#8220;operation&#8221; in which a single eyebrow hair is plucked.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_note-msnbc-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/pub_releases\/2011-10\/uosc-csc102411.php\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Computer Scientist Cracks Mysterious &#8216;Copiale Cipher'&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">American Association for the Advancement of Science<\/a>. October 25, 2011.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Markoff_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Markoff_2-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>New York Times<\/em>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/10\/25\/science\/25code.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">John Markoff, &#8220;How revolutionary tools cracked a 1700s code,&#8221; October 24, 2011<\/a>, retrieved October 25, 2011<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Bild.de_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bild.de\/news\/ausland\/geheimcode\/geheimgesellschaft-20676926.bild.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;R\u00e4tsel nach 250 Jahren gel\u00f6st: Forscher entschl\u00fcsseln mysteri\u00f6se Geheimschrift&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>bild.de<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;May 13,&nbsp;2020.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-ACL_4-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology-new\/W\/W11\/W11-12.pdf#page=12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111112013300\/http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology-new\/W\/W11\/W11-12.pdf#page=12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archived<\/a>&nbsp;2011-11-12 at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wayback Machine<\/a>(the complete proceedings) or&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2024239&amp;bnc=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;(the relevant presentation): Knight, Kevin, Megyesi, Be\u00e1ta and Schaefer, Christiane &#8220;The Copiale Cipher,&#8221; Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on building and using comparable corpora, pages 2\u20139, 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Comparable Linguistics, 24 June 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Uppsala_5-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Uppsala_5-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Uppsala_5-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Uppsala_5-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Uppsala_5-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Knight, Kevin; Megyesi, Be\u00e1ta; Schaefer, Christiane (2011).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/stp.lingfil.uu.se\/~bea\/copiale\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The Copiale Cipher&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Uppsala Universitet, Institutionen f\u00f6r lingvistik och filologi website<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;2011-10-25.&nbsp;Includes images of the full text, as well as full translations in German and English.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Henning, Aloys &#8220;Eine fr\u00fche Loge des 18. Jahrhunderts: &#8216;Die Hocherleuchtete Oculisten-Gesellschaft&#8217; in Wolfenb\u00fcttel&#8221;, in: Europa in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit, Festschrift f\u00fcr G\u00fcnter M\u00fchlpfordt 5, Aufkl\u00e4rung in Europa, hg. Erich Donnert, K\u00f6ln\/Weimar\/Wien 1999, S. 65\u201382.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Wired_Nov_2012_7-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-Wired_Nov_2012_7-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Shactman, Noah (16 November 2012).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/dangerroom\/2012\/11\/ff-the-manuscript\/all\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;They Cracked This 250-Year-Old Code, and Found a Secret Society Inside&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_(magazine)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wired<\/a><\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>20<\/strong>&nbsp;(12). Retrieved&nbsp;2 November&nbsp;2013.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Eam0Tk-1FyI\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">USC Scientist Cracks Mysterious &#8220;Copiale Cipher&#8221;<\/a>on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">YouTube<\/a>, on the official&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Southern_California\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">USC<\/a>&nbsp;channel.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Shachtman, Noah (Nov 16, 2012).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2012\/11\/ff-the-manuscript\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;They Cracked This 250-Year-Old Code, and Found a Secret Society Inside&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Wired<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>20<\/strong>&nbsp;(12). Retrieved&nbsp;May 13,&nbsp;2020&nbsp;\u2013 via www.wired.com.<\/li><li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-msnbc_10-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-msnbc_10-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Boyle, Alan (October 25, 2011).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111102191345\/http:\/\/cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com\/_news\/2011\/10\/25\/8482183-secret-societys-code-cracked\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Secret society&#8217;s code cracked&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSNBC\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">MSNBC<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com\/_news\/2011\/10\/25\/8482183-secret-societys-code-cracked\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>on November 2, 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;October 25,&nbsp;2011.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copiale_cipher#cite_ref-The_Scottish_Rite_of_Freemasonry_March\/April_2012_11-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;James D. Hodgkins (April 2012).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/scottishrite.org\/about\/media-publications\/journal\/article\/the-copiale-cipher-an-early-german-masonic-ritual-unveiled\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The Copiale Cipher: An Early German Masonic Ritual Unveiled&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>scottishrite.org<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;1 July&nbsp;2018.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"link-1279a770\">ERRORS ARE FEARED IN CARBON DATING<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Malcolm W. Browne<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>May 31, 1990 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1990\/05\/31\/us\/errors-are-feared-in-carbon-dating.html<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scientists at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University at Palisades, N.Y., reported today in the British journal Nature that some estimates of age based on carbon analyses were wrong by as much as 3,500 years. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age estimates obtained using two different methods &#8211; analysis of radioactive carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in the sample. In some cases, the latter ratio appears to be a much more accurate gauge of age than the customary method of carbon dating, the scientists said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>NEWS<\/strong><\/li><li>19 May 2020<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon dating, the archaeological workhorse, is getting a major reboot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A long-anticipated recalibration of radiocarbon dating could shift the age of some prehistoric samples hundreds of years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-01499-y#author-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nicola Jones<\/a> https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-01499-y<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radiocarbon dating \u2014 a key tool used for determining the age of prehistoric samples \u2014 is about to get a major update. For the first time in seven years, the technique is due to be recalibrated using a slew of new data from around the world. The result could have implications for the estimated ages of many finds \u2014 such as Siberia\u2019s oldest modern human fossils, which according to the latest calibrations are 1,000 years younger than previously thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work combines thousands of data points from tree rings, lake and ocean sediments, corals and stalagmites, among other features, and extends the time frame for radiocarbon dating back to 55,000 years ago \u2014 5,000 years further than the last calibration update in 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"page-title\">Fluctuating radiocarbon offsets observed in the southern Levant and implications for archaeological chronology debates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sturt W. Manning,&nbsp;Carol Griggs,&nbsp;Brita Lorentzen,&nbsp;Christopher Bronk Ramsey,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4961-3847\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">&nbsp;View ORCID Profile<\/a>David Chivall,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4079-4947\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">&nbsp;View ORCID Profile<\/a>A. J. Timothy Jull, and&nbsp;Todd E. Lange<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;See all&nbsp;authors and affiliationsPNAS&nbsp;June 12, 2018&nbsp;115&nbsp;(24)&nbsp;6141-6146;&nbsp;first published May 29, 2018;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1719420115\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1719420115<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Edited by Edouard Bard, Centre Europ\u00e9en de Recherche et d&#8217;Enseignement des G\u00e9osciences de l&#8217; Environnement, Aix-en-Provence, France, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Thure E. Cerling May 6, 2018 (received for review November 7, 2017)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"p-4\">We observe a substantive and fluctuating offset in measured radiocarbon ages between plant material growing in the southern Levant versus the standard Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon calibration dataset derived from trees growing in central and northern Europe and North America. This likely relates to differences in growing seasons with a climate imprint. This finding is significant for, and affects, any radiocarbon application in the southern Levant region and especially for high-resolution archaeological dating\u2014the focus of much recent work and scholarly debate, especially surrounding the timeframe of the earlier Iron Age (earlier Biblical period). Our findings change the basis of this debate; our data point to lower (more recent) ages by variously a few years to several decades. https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/115\/24\/6141<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dating consideration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The variation in the&nbsp;<sup>14<\/sup><br><sub><\/sub>C\/<sup>12<\/sup><br><sub><\/sub>C&nbsp;ratio in different parts of the carbon exchange reservoir means that a straightforward calculation of the age of a sample based on the amount of&nbsp;<sup>14<\/sup><br><sub><\/sub>C&nbsp;it contains will often give an incorrect result. There are several other possible sources of error that need to be considered. The errors are of four general types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>variations in the&nbsp;<sup>14<\/sup><br>C\/<sup>12<\/sup><br>C&nbsp;ratio in the atmosphere, both geographically and over time;<\/li><li>isotopic fractionation;<\/li><li>variations in the&nbsp;<sup>14<\/sup><br>C\/<sup>12<\/sup><br>C&nbsp;ratio in different parts of the reservoir;<\/li><li>contamination.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El radiocarbono ayuda a datar objetos antiguos, pero no es un m\u00e9todo perfecto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durante casi 70 a\u00f1os, los arque\u00f3logos han medido los niveles de carbono 14 para datar lugares y artefactos. Por&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.es\/autor\/erin-blakemore\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Erin Blakemore<\/a><br>Publicado 21 feb 2020 13:05 CET https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.es\/ciencia\/2020\/02\/radiocarbono-data-objetos-antiguos-pero-no-es-perfecto<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La calibraci\u00f3n presenta otra dificultad. Con la llegada de la era industrial, los humanos empezamos a emitir mucho m\u00e1s di\u00f3xido de carbono y a diluir la cantidad de radiocarbono de la atm\u00f3sfera. Los ensayos nucleares tambi\u00e9n&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/education\/isotopes\/bombspike.html\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">afectan<\/a>&nbsp;a los niveles de radiocarbono y a partir de la d\u00e9cada de 1950 incrementaron dr\u00e1sticamente los niveles de carbono 14. Los m\u00e9todos estad\u00edsticos modernos y las bases de datos actualizadas permiten a los cient\u00edficos tener en cuenta los efectos de los humanos en la atm\u00f3sfera terrestre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La dataci\u00f3n por radiocarbono no es una soluci\u00f3n milagrosa: el contexto lo es todo y puede ser complicado determinar si existe una relaci\u00f3n temporal entre dos objetos en un yacimiento arqueol\u00f3gico. Con todo, es la herramienta de dataci\u00f3n m\u00e1s precisa de la que disponen los arque\u00f3logos, todo gracias a la desintegraci\u00f3n predecible del carbono 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ancient tissue found in 195 million-year-old dinosaur rib<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Ashley Strickland, CNN<br>Updated 11:09 AM EST, Fri February 03, 2017 https:\/\/amp.cnn.com\/cnn\/2017\/02\/03\/world\/dinosaur-rib-195-million-year-old-collagen-history\/index.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preservation by Iron?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is more, there are several chemistry problems with the iron model. The same chemical reactions that cause cross-linking in proteins will also cause other reactions that will accelerate protein decay.<a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/#fn_31\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">31<\/a>&nbsp;Plus, these same chemical reactions would cause the amino acids within that protein to be chemically altered. However, numerous \u201cintact\u201d amino acids, such as methionine and tyrosine, are frequently found in extracted dinosaur proteins. These are highly reactive molecules that would almost certainly be chemically altered following significant iron-induced reactions within a protein molecule.<a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/#fn_32\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">32<\/a>&nbsp;Thus, we simply do not find the expected chemical footprint within dinosaur proteins if cross-linking were a major preservation mechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other conditions have also been proposed that might contribute to tissue preservation. However, these claims are often self-contradictory. High temperature and high\/low pH can inhibit enzymatic and microbial activity, which reduces their degradative effects on tissue. Yet these temperature and pH conditions will also accelerate decay of the tissue and protein. Excluding oxygen would appear to be a significant preservation factor (oxygen will often accelerate chemical reactions). However, recent experimental evidence indicates that oxygen can help in preservation (at least for short periods of time).<a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/#fn_33\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">33<\/a>&nbsp;Water-free environments would certainly help preserve the tissue, but water is needed for those fossilization processes that would facilitate tissue preservation. Modest amounts of water will also help stabilize collagen.<a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/#fn_34\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">34<\/a>&nbsp;Furthermore, no preservation condition would protect the tissue from the devastating effect of millions of years of exposure to ground radiation.<a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/#fn_35\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">35<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>John M. DeMassa and Edward Boudreaux, \u201cDinosaur Peptide Preservation and Degradation,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Creation Research Society Quarterly<\/em>&nbsp;51, no. 4 (2015): 268\u2013285.<\/li><li>Ibid.<\/li><li>Schweitzer et al., \u201cA Role for Iron and Oxygen Chemistry in Preserving Soft Tissues.\u201d<\/li><li>Christopher A. Miles and Michael Ghelashvili. \u201cPolymer-in-a-Box Mechanism for the Thermal Stabilization of Collagen Molecules in Fibers,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Biophysical Journal<\/em>&nbsp;76, no. 6 (1999): 3243\u20133252,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77476-X\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">doi:10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77476-X<\/a>.<\/li><li>Anderson,&nbsp;<em>Echoes of the Jurassic<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/fossils\/dinosaur-tissue\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Submitted: 21 February 2018Accepted: 22 June 2018Published Online: 20 July 2018 Electromagnetic properties of the Great Pyramid: First multipole resonances and energy concentration&nbsp; Journal of Applied Physics&nbsp;124, 034903 (2018);&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5026556Mikhail Balezin1,&nbsp;Kseniia V. 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