{"id":5700,"date":"2021-12-20T11:50:27","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T16:50:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=5700"},"modified":"2021-12-20T11:50:28","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T16:50:28","slug":"comunicacion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2021\/12\/20\/comunicacion\/","title":{"rendered":"Comunicaci\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u53cd\u8bbd\u529b\u5ea6\u8fc7\u731b \u56fd\u4ea7\u75ab\u82d7\u5f15\u4e89\u8bae<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f5c\u8005 \u6587\u5c71 (\u7efc\u5408\u62a5\u9053)&nbsp;|&nbsp;07.01.2021 https:\/\/m.dw.com\/zh\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8D%E8%AE%BD%E5%8A%9B%E5%BA%A6%E8%BF%87%E7%8C%9B-%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A7%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%BC%95%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE\/a-56161870<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u82d7\u83b7\u6279\u4e0a\u5e02\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u611f\u5230\u5fe7\u8651\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u672c\u5468\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5c31\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e2d\u6587\u7f51) \u53d1\u8868\u4e89\u8bae\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u75be\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u9676\u9ece\u7eb3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u679c\u58f3\u7f51\u3001\u4e01\u9999\u533b\u751f\u3001\u65b0\u6d6a\u5fae\u535a\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u5c31\u5404\u7c7b\u6709\u5173\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u53d1\u5e03\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taiwannews.com.tw\/en\/news\/4095622\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.taiwannews.com.tw\/en\/news\/4095622<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tucum\u00e1n: investigan posible efecto adverso de la vacuna contra el Covid en nena de 3 a\u00f1os <\/strong>El d\u00eda anterior a su muerte, la peque\u00f1a hab\u00eda recibido la primera dosis de la vacuna contra el coronavirus. Desde el Gobierno indicaron que se realizar\u00e1 una autopsia para conocer la causa de la muerte.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lavoz.com.ar\/autor\/edidigital\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Redacci\u00f3n LAVOZ<\/a><strong>Viernes, 17 de diciembre de 2021<time datetime=\"2021-12-17T10:08:27-03:00\">10:08<\/time>&nbsp;hs<\/strong> https:\/\/www.lavoz.com.ar\/ciudadanos\/tucuman-investigan-la-muerte-de-una-nena-de-3-anos-que-se-habia-vacunado-contra-el-covid\/?outputType=amp <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aug 8, 2021 &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/health\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Health<\/a> <strong>Protests against vaccines, COVID restrictions, span the globe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/authors\/edoherty\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/authors\/edoherty\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Erin Doherty<\/a> https:\/\/www.axios.com\/anti-mask-and-anti-vaccine-protests-take-place-globally-e38bf893-f8c4-4c74-bf55-a427250dae6e.html Police place a face mask on an arrested protester at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne on September 5, 2020 during an anti-lockdown rally. Photo: William West\/AFPAnti-mask and anti-vaccine protests aren&#8217;t a strictly American phenomenon: Demonstrations have broken out around the world \u2014 from Australia to France and Israel to Bulgaria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ privatizacion agua green blue bonds <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La&nbsp;<strong>liofilizaci\u00f3n<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>deshidrocongelaci\u00f3n<\/strong>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<strong>criodesecaci\u00f3n<\/strong>, es un proceso de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secado\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">deshidrataci\u00f3n<\/a>&nbsp;usado generalmente para conservar un alimento perecedero o hacer el material m\u00e1s conveniente para el transporte. La liofilizaci\u00f3n funciona congelando el material y luego reduciendo la presi\u00f3n circundante para permitir que el agua congelada en el material se&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sublimaci%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sublime directamente<\/a>&nbsp;desde la fase s\u00f3lida a la fase gaseosa, sin pasar por el estado l\u00edquido. Para acelerar el proceso se utilizan ciclos de congelaci\u00f3n-sublimaci\u00f3n con los que se consigue eliminar pr\u00e1cticamente la totalidad del agua libre contenida en el producto original,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liofilizaci%C3%B3n#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liofilizaci%C3%B3n#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b pero preservando la estructura molecular de la sustancia liofilizada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uv.es\/~mbermejo\/Freeze-Drying.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Definici\u00f3n de liofilizaci\u00f3n<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universidad_de_Valencia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Universidad de Valencia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liofilizaci%C3%B3n#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/api.ning.com\/files\/r36cjGKKUjHiYZQH-NMo80UEkCPVAiIYsidNyI15yUYlQDCH8ViroxVYM2-kcxgYLQl1ef39s4YBgbVCytr-kKVgvtRESq2U\/ManualdeliofilizacinEsp..pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Manual b\u00e1sico de liofilizaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00aa Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Albarrac\u00edn: \u201cLa Covid-19 no es una enfermedad infecciosa sino autoinmune\u201d N\u00famero 250 &#8211; Julio 2021Cambiar tama\u00f1o:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/ma-jose-martinez-albarracin-la-covid-19-no-es-una-enfermedad-infecciosa-sino-autoinmune\/#\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">AA+A++<\/a>Tiempo de lectura: 26 minutos <strong>Catedr\u00e1tica de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos Cl\u00ednicos y profesora jubilada de Bioqu\u00edmica, Inmunolog\u00eda y T\u00e9cnicas Instrumentales de An\u00e1lisis la doctora M\u00aa Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Albarrac\u00edn lleva m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o investigando en profundidad la verdad sobre el anuncio hecho en marzo de 2020 de que se hab\u00eda descubierto un peligroso coronavirus bautizado como&nbsp;<em>SARS-CoV-2<\/em>&nbsp;que se hab\u00eda expandido por todo el planeta infectando a millones de personas y llevado a la muerte a cientos de miles. Colaboradora tanto de&nbsp;<em>M\u00e9dicos por la Verdad<\/em>&nbsp;como de&nbsp;<em>Bi\u00f3logos por la Verdad&nbsp;<\/em>no duda de que los enfermos diagnosticados como afectos de&nbsp;<em>Covid-19<\/em>&nbsp;sean reales pero niega que se trate de una enfermedad infecciosa y afirma que ni las medidas que se han adoptado, ni las PCR que se usan para su diagn\u00f3stico, ni las vacunas tienen sentido; es m\u00e1s, asevera que \u00e9stas son no solo ineficaces sino peligrosas.<\/strong> https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/ma-jose-martinez-albarracin-la-covid-19-no-es-una-enfermedad-infecciosa-sino-autoinmune\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REVIEW https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/las-radiaciones-electromagneticas-de-la-tecnologia-5g-y-la-covid-19\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tecnolog\u00edaNovacenoCON NANOPART\u00cdCULAS El Pent\u00e1gono desarrolla part\u00edculas invisibles para controlar tu cerebro El proyecto BrainSTORMS est\u00e1 desarrollando un sistema que usa nanopart\u00edculas y campos magn\u00e9ticos para monitorizar y controlar las 80.000 millones de neuronas del cerebro. www.elconfidencial.com\/tecnologia\/novaceno\/2021-03-24\/pentagono-darpa-cerebro-control-nanoparticulas_3004028\/ Por&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elconfidencial.com\/autores\/jesus-diaz-4215\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jes\u00fas D\u00edaz<\/a>24\/03\/2021 &#8211; 10:54&nbsp;Actualizado: 24\/03\/2021 &#8211; 20:32<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Called BrainSTORMS (Brain System to Transmit Or Receive Magnetoelectric Signals), Battelle\u2019s N3 concept involves the development of a nano-transducer that could be introduced into the body via injection and directed to a specific area of the brain to help complete a task through communication with a helmet-based transceiver. https:\/\/www.army-technology.com\/news\/darpa-injectable-brain-control-technology\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Real-Life Mind-Control Technologies Governments Are Actually Working On<\/strong> Welcome to the future of augmented brainpower.<a href=\"https:\/\/interestingengineering.com\/author\/brad-bergan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a>By&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/interestingengineering.com\/author\/brad-bergan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Brad Bergan<\/a>Mar 22, 2021 https:\/\/interestingengineering.com\/mind-control-technologies-bci-brainstorms-governments-nanoparticles<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PLoS One.&nbsp;2012;7(9):e44040.&nbsp;doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0044040.&nbsp;Epub 2012 Sep 5. <strong>Magneto-electric nano-particles for non-invasive brain stimulation<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Yue+K&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kun Yue<\/a><sup>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22957042\/#affiliation-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1<\/a><\/sup>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Guduru+R&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rakesh Guduru<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Hong+J&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jeongmin Hong<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Liang+P&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ping Liang<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Nair+M&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Madhavan Nair<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Khizroev+S&amp;cauthor_id=22957042\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sakhrat Khizroev<\/a>Affiliations&nbsp;expand<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"full-view-identifiers\"><li>PMID:&nbsp;<strong>22957042<\/strong><\/li><li>PMCID:&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/pmc3434207\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">PMC3434207<\/a><\/li><li>DOI:&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0044040\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0044040<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Free PMC article <strong>Abstract<\/strong> This paper for the first time discusses a computational study of using magneto-electric (ME) nanoparticles to artificially stimulate the neural activity deep in the brain. The new technology provides a unique way to couple electric signals in the neural network to the magnetic dipoles in the nanoparticles with the purpose to enable a non-invasive approach. Simulations of the effect of ME nanoparticles for non-invasively stimulating the brain of a patient with Parkinson&#8217;s Disease to bring the pulsed sequences of the electric field to the levels comparable to those of healthy people show that the optimized values for the concentration of the 20-nm nanoparticles (with the magneto-electric (ME) coefficient of 100 V cm(-1) Oe(-1) in the aqueous solution) is 3 \u00d7 10(6) particles\/cc, and the frequency of the externally applied 300-Oe magnetic field is 80 Hz. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22957042\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/desarrollan-unas-nanoparticulas-magnetoelectricas-que-permitirian-controlar-con-la-mente-todo-tipo-de-dispositivos\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/desarrollan-unas-nanoparticulas-magnetoelectricas-que-permitirian-controlar-con-la-mente-todo-tipo-de-dispositivos\/<\/a> Desarrollan unas nanopart\u00edculas magnetoel\u00e9ctricas que permitir\u00edan controlar con la mente todo tipo de dispositivos N\u00famero 249 &#8211; Junio 2021Cambiar tama\u00f1o:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dsalud.com\/reportaje\/desarrollan-unas-nanoparticulas-magnetoelectricas-que-permitirian-controlar-con-la-mente-todo-tipo-de-dispositivos\/#\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">AA+A++<\/a>Tiempo de lectura: 11 minutos <strong>El intercambio de informaci\u00f3n entre cerebro y ordenador sin cables ni implantes ser\u00e1 posible gracias a una nueva clase de nanopart\u00edculas magnetoel\u00e9ctricas desarrolladas por el ingeniero Sakhrat Khizroev que pueden travesar la barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica, posicionarse junto a las neuronas y emitir y recibir informaci\u00f3n mediante se\u00f1ales el\u00e9ctricas. Asegura que adem\u00e1s podr\u00e1n utilizarse para el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas aunque tambi\u00e9n con fines militares; de hecho el Gobierno de Estados Unidos trabaja ya en una interfaz que permita manejar con la mente sus dispositivos b\u00e9licos. Ahora bien, esto abre la puerta incluso al control mental de la poblaci\u00f3n seg\u00fan afirman sus cr\u00edticos.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Meet Technobiology\u2019s Wireless Messenger: The Nanoparticle | Sakhrat Khizroev | TEDxCoconutGrove\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qcDnFK7iOoY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Meet Technobiology\u2019s Wireless Messenger: The Nanoparticle | Sakhrat Khizroev | TEDxCoconutGrove 23 mar 2018<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professor of Electrical Engineering and Cellular Biology at Florida International University, Sakhrat Khizroev, explains the fascinating field of Technobiology and the potential for medical advances in the treatment of cancer, Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s. Sakhrat Khizroev is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Cellular Biology at Florida International University. A Fellow of National Academy of Inventors, he holds 33 US patents in the field of nanotechnology. His research focuses on the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine. His team has developed special multifunctional nanoparticles to treat cancer, HIV\/AIDS, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Their research on nanoparticles to wirelessly control the neural circuit for pinpoint treatment at the single-neuron level and reverse engineering the brain was listed among the top 100 science stories of year 2015 by Discover magazine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scientists reveal that plants can feel when we touch them<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fiona MacDonald&nbsp;,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ScienceAlert&nbsp;<\/a>May 31, 2016, 11:15 AM https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/plants-can-feel-touch-2016-5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s something that plant lovers have long suspected, but now Australian scientists have found evidence that plants really can&nbsp;<em>feel&nbsp;<\/em>when we&#8217;re touching them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not only that, but different sensations trigger a cascade of physiological and genetic changes, depending on the stimulation the plants are receiving, whether it&#8217;s a few drops of rain, or a little soft pat, which is probably the coolest thing we&#8217;ve heard all week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Although people generally assume plants don\u2019t feel when they are being touched, this shows that they are actually very sensitive to it,&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.news.uwa.edu.au\/201605258690\/international\/plants-are-touch-world-around-them\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">said lead researcher Olivier Van Aken<\/a>&nbsp;from the University of Western Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;While plants don\u2019t appear to complain when we pinch a flower, step on them or just brush by them while going for a walk, they are fully aware of this contact and are rapidly responding to our treatment of them,&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.news.uwa.edu.au\/201605258690\/international\/plants-are-touch-world-around-them\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">he added.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants are &#8216;in touch&#8217; with the world around them Wednesday, 25 May 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But first thing&#8217;s first, let&#8217;s not get ahead of ourselves and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropomorphism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">anthropomorphize<\/a>&nbsp;the crap out of this situation, as we humans love to do. Although this whole thing sounds super adorable and touchy feely, plants don&#8217;t have brains and they don&#8217;t &#8220;think&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also don&#8217;t have evidence to suggest that they actually &#8220;feel&#8221; in any way resembling our perception of the sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That said, previous research has shown that plants do have pretty good awareness of their surroundings. For example, they can &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/plants-can-hear-themselves-being-eaten-researchers-have-discovered\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">hear&#8221; when they&#8217;re being chewed<\/a>&nbsp;on by insects, and release chemicals to stop it. And they&#8217;re also able to communicate with each other via a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/earth\/story\/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">subterranean &#8220;internet&#8221; of fungus.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plants Can &#8220;Hear&#8221; Themselves Being Eaten<\/strong> Plants know when they\u2019re being chewed on, researchers have found, and they release defensive chemicals to try to stop it.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/fiona-macdonald\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">FIONA MACDONALD<\/a>21 OCTOBER 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-vimeo wp-block-embed-vimeo wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/vimeo.com\/99635253?embedded=true&#038;source=video_title&#038;owner=2631252\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plant-microbe-animal interactions &#8211; Original research Open Access <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-014-2995-6#article-info\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Published:&nbsp;<time datetime=\"2014-07-02\">02 July 2014<\/time><\/a> <strong>Plants respond to leaf vibrations caused by insect herbivore chewing<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-014-2995-6#auth-H__M_-Appel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">H. M. Appel<\/a>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-014-2995-6#auth-R__B_-Cocroft\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">R. B. Cocroft<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/journal\/442\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Oecologia<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;<strong>volume&nbsp;175<\/strong>,&nbsp;pages1257\u20131266 (2014)<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-014-2995-6#citeas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cite this article<\/a> 99k&nbsp;Accesses 127&nbsp;Citations 1078&nbsp;Altmetric <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00442-014-2995-6\/metrics\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Metricsdetails<\/a> <strong>Abstract<\/strong> Plant germination and growth can be influenced by sound, but the ecological significance of these responses is unclear. We asked whether acoustic energy generated by the feeding of insect herbivores was detected by plants. We report that the vibrations caused by insect feeding can elicit chemical defenses.&nbsp;<em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em>&nbsp;(L.) rosettes pre-treated with the vibrations caused by caterpillar feeding had higher levels of glucosinolate and anthocyanin defenses when subsequently fed upon by&nbsp;<em>Pieris rapae<\/em>&nbsp;(L.) caterpillars than did untreated plants. The plants also discriminated between the vibrations caused by chewing and those caused by wind or insect song. Plants thus respond to herbivore-generated vibrations in a selective and ecologically meaningful way. A vibration signaling pathway would complement the known signaling pathways that rely on volatile, electrical, or phloem-borne signals. We suggest that vibration may represent a new long distance signaling mechanism in plant\u2013insect interactions that contributes to systemic induction of chemical defenses. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-014-2995-6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"title-holder\">Plants have an internet of fungus, and they\u2019re hacking each other<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cms.qz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/fungus.jpg?quality=75&amp;strip=all&amp;w=410&amp;h=262\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>All the action is below ground.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Published&nbsp;December 30, 2014This article is more than 2 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The world wide web&nbsp;has been called the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/moreintelligentlife.com\/content\/ideas\/greatest-invention-all-time?page=full\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">greatest ever human invention<\/a>, but what if plants had a vast and equally complex set of&nbsp;communication networks?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/earth\/story\/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet?ocid=fbert\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">A BBC article tracked<\/a>&nbsp;the \u201cinternet of fungus,\u201d an intricate underground&nbsp;information network where plants and fungi&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/scienceblogs.com\/universe\/2011\/07\/17\/living-in-a-mycelial-world\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">communicate with each other<\/a>&nbsp;through a mass of threadlike strands, known as mycelium, that spread over great distances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paul Stamets, an American mycologist and fungus expert,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/paul_stamets_on_6_ways_mushrooms_can_save_the_world\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">has said<\/a>&nbsp;that mycelia works much like&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/news\/special_reports\/nsf-net\/1960s.jsp\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ARPANET<\/a>, one of the US Department of Defense\u2019s earliest digital communication networks that would serve as the foundation for the global internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the so-called \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2633692\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">wood wide web<\/a>,\u201d plants and&nbsp;fungi&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.kew.org\/science-conservation\/plants-fungi\/fungi\/relationships\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">depend on each other<\/a>&nbsp;for survival through mutually beneficial relationships. This fungal network&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v388\/n6642\/full\/388579a0.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">provides plants with nutrients<\/a>&nbsp;like phosphorus and carbon nitrogen and with defense-related chemicals that protect against disease in a process&nbsp;known as \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10886-012-0134-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">priming<\/a>.\u201d Meanwhile,&nbsp;plants provide fungi with food. The exchange&nbsp;takes place via the fungi\u2019s mycelia strands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And much like the human internet, outsiders are unwelcome. Plants compete with each other for crucial resources like water and light. In an effort to gain an advantage, some release harmful chemicals that are intended to destroy their rivals, what scientists&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/hs186\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">refer to as allelopathy<\/a>. Essentially, plants hack each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The attacks can be more&nbsp;hazardous to their victims than a malicious internet hack.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jtropag.in\/index.php\/ojs\/article\/view\/50\/45\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">In a 2001 paper<\/a>, for example, Indian researchers in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu identified the allelopathic effects of four eucalyptus plants on redgrams, a type of bean. They found that the eucalyptus species inhibited the \u201cgermination and vigour index\u201d of&nbsp;redgrams in their immediate habitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">German researchers&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/store\/10.1111\/1365-2435.12208\/asset\/fec12208.pdf?v=1&amp;t=i4aafokx&amp;s=a8deccb6a65d124b5775a92f39a4c09d1d229060\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Berlin&nbsp;Free University found<\/a>&nbsp;(pdf)&nbsp;that the&nbsp;American black walnut tree engaged in similar&nbsp;hacking attacks. It&nbsp;inhibited the growth of various plants around it, like potatoes and cucumbers, by releasing a chemical from its leaves and roots. The researchers found that the accumulation of the chemical,&nbsp;known as juglone, resulted \u201cin more effective target plant growth reductions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Allelopathy, however, may be beneficial to biogeographers, those who study&nbsp;the distribution of plants and animals within a given environment. They&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biogeography.org\/html\/fb\/FBv03i01\/FBv03i01p020_Svenning.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">point to allelopathy as potential evidence<\/a>&nbsp;of the impact of climate change on biodiversity.&nbsp;As plants\u2019&nbsp;resources are depleted, they may engage in more&nbsp;allelopathic attacks for survival. By tracking those changes, researchers are able to&nbsp;identify erosion and other threats to biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other words, the damage caused by plant hacking&nbsp;may&nbsp;actually enhance&nbsp;our understanding of the impact&nbsp;of climate change on the natural world. https:\/\/qz.com\/318847\/plants-have-an-internet-of-fungus-and-theyre-hacking-each-other\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While there&#8217;s no visible response to any of this stimulus, what this input does is help the plant stay aware of its surroundings and prepare itself for any potential danger, or get ready to take advantage of changing weather conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One thing the scientists found was that spraying water droplets on plants caused them to change the expression of thousands of genes &#8211; a dramatic physiological response that started within minutes of the stimulus and stopped within half an hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bidens_pilosa_leaf6_(14975708699).jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.insider.com\/574db8c6dd08959a108b4733?width=800&amp;format=jpeg&amp;auto=webp\" alt=\"leaf hand\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;We were able to show that this response was not caused by any active compounds in the spray but rather by the physical contact caused by water drops landing on the leaf surface,&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.news.uwa.edu.au\/201605258690\/international\/plants-are-touch-world-around-them\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">says Van Aken.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Curious to know how else they might respond, the team also found that gently patting the plants or touching them with tweezers could trigger a similar physiological cascade. So could a sudden shadow falling over their leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of this information could be essential to plants survival in the wild, the researchers explain in the journal&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.plantphysiol.org\/content\/early\/2016\/05\/09\/pp.16.00273.full.pdf+html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Plant Physiology<em>.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Stress Responses Are Modulated in Distinct Touch and Chemical Inhibition Phases<\/strong> <a href=\"javascript:;\">Olivier Van Aken<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">Inge De Clercq<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">Aneta Ivanova<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">Simon R. Law<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">Frank Van Breusegem<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">A. Harvey Millar<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">James WhelanAuthor Notes<\/a><em>Plant Physiology<\/em>, Volume 171, Issue 3, July 2016, Pages 2150\u20132165,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.16.00273\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.16.00273<\/a>Published:&nbsp;09 May 2016&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:;\">Article history<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/171\/3\/2150\/37233849\/plphys_v171_3_2150.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PDF<\/a> <a href=\"javascript:;\">Split View<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article\/171\/3\/2150\/6115508#\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cite<\/a> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/s100.copyright.com\/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=OUP&amp;publication=1532-2548&amp;title=Mitochondrial%20and%20Chloroplast%20Stress%20Responses%20Are%20Modulated%20in%20Distinct%20Touch%20and%20Chemical%20Inhibition%20Phases%26lt%3Bspan%20class%3D%26quot%3BxrefLink%26quot%3B%20id%3D%26quot%3Bjumplink-fn1%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%2Fspan%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20href%3D%26quot%3Bjavascript%3A%3B%26quot%3B%20reveal-id%3D%26quot%3Bfn1%26quot%3B%20data-open%3D%26quot%3Bfn1%26quot%3B%20class%3D%26quot%3Blink%20link-ref%20link-reveal%20xref-fn%20js-xref-fn%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%21----%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%2Fa%26gt%3B%20%C2%A0%26lt%3Bspan%20class%3D%26quot%3BxrefLink%26quot%3B%20id%3D%26quot%3Bjumplink-fn5%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%2Fspan%26gt%3B%26lt%3Ba%20href%3D%26quot%3Bjavascript%3A%3B%26quot%3B%20reveal-id%3D%26quot%3Bfn5%26quot%3B%20data-open%3D%26quot%3Bfn5%26quot%3B%20class%3D%26quot%3Blink%20link-ref%20link-reveal%20xref-fn%20js-xref-fn%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%21----%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%2Fa%26gt%3B&amp;publicationDate=2016-05-09&amp;volumeNum=171&amp;issueNum=3&amp;author=Van%20Aken%2C%20Olivier%3B%20De%20Clercq%2C%20Inge&amp;startPage=2150&amp;endPage=2165&amp;contentId=10.1104%2Fpp.16.00273&amp;oa=CC%20BY&amp;copyright=Oxford%20University%20Press&amp;orderBeanReset=True\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Permissions Icon<\/em>&nbsp;Permissions<\/a> <a href=\"javascript:;\">Share<\/a> <strong>Abstract<\/strong> Previous studies have identified a range of transcription factors that modulate retrograde regulation of mitochondrial and chloroplast functions in Arabidopsis (<em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em>). However, the relative importance of these regulators and whether they act downstream of separate or overlapping signaling cascades is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that multiple stress-related signaling pathways, with distinct kinetic signatures, converge on overlapping gene sets involved in energy organelle function. The transcription factor ANAC017 is almost solely responsible for transcript induction of marker genes around 3 to 6 h after chemical inhibition of organelle function and is a key regulator of mitochondrial and specific types of chloroplast retrograde signaling. However, an independent and highly transient gene expression phase, initiated within 10 to 30 min after treatment, also targets energy organelle functions, and is related to touch and wounding responses. Metabolite analysis demonstrates that this early response is concurrent with rapid changes in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and large changes in transcript abundance of genes encoding mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier proteins. It was further demonstrated that transcription factors&nbsp;<em>AtWRKY15<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>AtWRKY40<\/em>&nbsp;have repressive regulatory roles in this touch-responsive gene expression. Together, our results show that several regulatory systems can independently affect energy organelle function in response to stress, providing different means to exert operational control.Issue Section:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitle=SIGNALING+@@@+RESPONSE\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">SIGNALING AND RESPONSE<\/a> https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article\/171\/3\/2150\/6115508<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Unlike animals, plants are unable to run away from harmful conditions. Instead, plants appear to have developed intricate stress defence systems to sense their environment and help them detect danger and respond appropriately,&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.news.uwa.edu.au\/201605258690\/international\/plants-are-touch-world-around-them\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">says Van Aken.<\/a><br><br>Importantly, the study also identified two proteins that could switch off the plant&#8217;s touch response. In the future, this could help plants in controlled environments, such as greenhouses, from changing their genes and responding to &#8220;false alarm&#8221; stimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One study on its own obviously isn&#8217;t enough to overhaul our understanding of plant stimulation perception, and more research is needed to replicate the finds. But for now, maybe we should all be more thoughtful when we&#8217;re prodding and poking our plants, or blocking their light with our giant human heads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The good news?&nbsp;Singing seems to be pretty safe. &#8220;As yet, there&#8217;s no evidence to back the idea held by some people that the vibrations caused by just talking to plants has a strong enough effect to move plants,&#8221; Van Aken told Peter Spinks&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/technology\/sci-tech\/touchy-feely-plants-take-well-to-human-warmth-and-kindness-20160525-gp3bhp.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">from the&nbsp;The Age<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Believe it or not: plants respond tenderly when patted or touched<\/strong> New findings suggest we ought to think differently about our interactions with supposedly unresponsive plants and vegetables. By&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/by\/peter-spinks-hve9g\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Peter Spinks<\/a><\/strong> <strong>Updated<\/strong>&nbsp;May 27, 2016 \u2014 9.20pmfirst published&nbsp;May 26, 2016 \u2014 12.00am BRB, going to sing some Frank Sinatra to my&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ficus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ficus.<\/a> https:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/technology\/touchy-feely-plants-take-well-to-human-warmth-and-kindness-20160525-gp3bhp.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plants are &#039;in touch&#039; with the world around them\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/V1J_BQKn8W4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Plants are &#8216;in touch&#8217; with the world around them 26 may 2016<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCp8k4RG604aRzNh1H0U6UlA\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The University of Western Australia<\/a> The simple act of water droplets landing on a leaf causes an elaborate response inside of plants, scientists at The University of Western Australia have found. A similar reaction is seen when plants are patted or touched, suggesting that they are highly aware of what is happening to them. The study, published in the journal Plant Physiology, suggests that this touch response may prepare a plant to defend itself from danger or take advantage of changes in the weather.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u53cd\u8bbd\u529b\u5ea6\u8fc7\u731b \u56fd\u4ea7\u75ab\u82d7\u5f15\u4e89\u8bae \u4f5c\u8005 \u6587\u5c71 (\u7efc\u5408\u62a5\u9053)&nbsp;|&nbsp;07.01.2021 https:\/\/m.dw.com\/zh\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8D%E8%AE%BD%E5%8A%9B%E5%BA%A6%E8%BF%87%E7%8C%9B-%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A7%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%BC%95%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE\/a-56161870 \u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u82d7\u83b7\u6279\u4e0a\u5e02\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u611f\u5230\u5fe7\u8651\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u672c\u5468\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5c31\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002 (\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e2d\u6587\u7f51) \u53d1\u8868\u4e89\u8bae\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u75be\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u75ab\u82d7\u4e13\u5bb6\u9676\u9ece\u7eb3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u679c\u58f3\u7f51\u3001\u4e01\u9999\u533b\u751f\u3001\u65b0\u6d6a\u5fae\u535a\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u5c31\u5404\u7c7b\u6709\u5173\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u53d1\u5e03\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u7ae0\u3002 https:\/\/www.taiwannews.com.tw\/en\/news\/4095622 Tucum\u00e1n: investigan posible efecto adverso de la 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