by Jews for Jesus | January 01 2005 https:\/\/jewsforjesus.org\/answers\/jewish-messianic-interpretations-of-isaiah-53<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s commonly maintained that Isaiah 53 was never considered messianic by rabbis and Jewish sages. Sometimes the statement is phrased as, \u201cJudaism teaches\u201d that Isaiah 53 refers to the nation of Israel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The fact is that Isaiah 53 (more precisely, 52:13 to 53:12) has been interpreted in messianic terms by a wide variety of Jewish commentators over a long period of time. Other interpretations have certainly been offered, including the view first popularized by Rashi in medieval times that the prophet speaks of the nation of Israel. Nevertheless the messianic interpretation has a long history in Jewish Bible exegesis<\/a>, as shown by the quotations below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Behold, My Servant the Messiah shall prosper.1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n We know that messianic homilies based on Joseph\u2019s career (his saving role preceded by suffering), and using Isaiah 53 as the prophetic portion, were preached in certain old synagogues which used the triennial cycle\u20262<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The addition of 53.4-5 [to the cycle of synagogue readings] was evidently of a Messianic purport by reason of the theory of a suffering Messiah. The earlier part of [the Haftarah] (52.7ff.) dealt with the redemption of Israel, and in this connection the tribulations of the Messiah were briefly alluded to by the recital of the above 2 verses.3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The Rabbis said: His name is \u201cthe leper scholar,\u201d as it is written, Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him a leper, smitten of God, and afflicted. [Isaiah 53:4].4<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The fifth interpretation [of Ruth 2:14] makes it refer to the Messiah. Come hither: approach to royal state. And eat of the BREAD refers to the bread of royalty; AND DIP THY MORSEL IN THE VINEGAR refers to his sufferings, as it is said, But he was wounded because of our transgressions. (Isa. LIII, 5).5<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n As to myself, I am inclined, with Benjamin of Nehawend, to regard it as alluding to the Messiah, and as opening with a description of his condition in exile, from the time of his birth to his accession to the throne: for the prophet begins by speaking of his being seated in a position of great honour, and then goes back to relate all that will happen to him during the captivity. He thus gives us to understand two things: In the first instance, that the Messiah will only reach his highest degree of honour after long and severe trials; and secondly, that these trials will be sent upon him as a kind of sign, so that, if he finds himself under the yoke of misfortunes whilst remaining pure in his actions, he may know that he is the desired one\u2026.6<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n By the words \u201csurely he hath carried our sicknesses,\u201d they mean that the pains and sickness which he fell into were merited by them, but that he bore them instead. . . . And here I think it necessary to pause for a few moments, in order to explain why God caused these sicknesses to attach themselves to the Messiah for the sake of Israel. . . . The nation deserved from God greater punishment than that which actually came upon them, but not being strong enough to bear it. . . God appoints his servant to carry their sins, and by doing so lighten their punishment in order that Israel might not be completely exterminated.7<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u201cAnd the Lord laid on him the iniquity of us all.\u201d The prophet does not by avon mean iniquity, but punishment for iniquity, as in the passage, \u201cBe sure your sin will find you out\u201d (Num. xxxii. 23).8<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n And Armilaus will join battle with Messiah, the son of Ephraim, in the East gate . . .; and Messiah, the son of Ephraim, will die there, and Israel will mourn for him. And afterwards the Holy One will reveal to them Messiah, the son of David, whom Israel will desire to stone, saying, Thou speakest falsely; already is the Messiah slain, and there is non other Messiah to stand up (after him): and so they will despise him, as it is written, \u201cDespised and forlorn of men;\u201d but he will turn and hide himself from them, according to the words, \u201cLike one hiding his face from us.\u201d9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u201cAnd let his [Israel\u2019s] kingdom be exalted,\u201d in the days of the Messiah, of whom it is said, \u201cBehold my servant shall prosper; he will be high and exalted, and lofty exceedingly.\u201d10<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n What is to be the manner of Messiah\u2019s advent, and where will be the place of his appearance? . . . And Isaiah speaks similarly of the time when he will appear, without his father or mother of family being known, He came up as a sucker before him, and as a root out of the dry earth, etc. But the unique phenomenon attending his manifestation is, that all the kings of the earth will be thrown into terror at the fame of him \u2014 their kingdoms will be in consternation, and they themselves will be devising whether to oppose him with arms, or to adopt some different course, confessing, in fact, their inability to contend with him or ignore his presence, and so confounded at the wonders which they will see him work, that they will lay their hands upon their mouth; in the words of Isaiah, when describing the manner in which the kings will hearken to him, At him kings will shut their mouth; for that which had not been told them have they seen, and that which they had not heard they have perceived.11<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n There is in the Garden of Eden a palace named the Palace of the Sons of Sickness. This palace the Messiah enters, and He summons every pain and every chastisement of Israel. All of these come and rest upon Him. And had He not thus lightened them upon Himself, there had been no man able to bear Israel\u2019s chastisements for the transgressions of the law; as it is written, \u201cSurely our sicknesses he has carried.\u201d12<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The right view respecting this Parashah is to suppose that by the phrase \u201cmy servant\u201d the whole of Israel is meant. . . .As a different opinion, however, is adopted by the Midrash, which refers it to the Messiah, it is necessary for us to explain it in conformity with the view there maintained. The prophet says, The Messiah, the son of David of whom the text speaks, will never be conquered or perish by the hands of his enemies. And, in fact the text teaches this clearly. . . .<\/p>\n\n\n\n And by his stripes we were healed \u2014 because the stripes by which he is vexed and distressed will heal us; God will pardon us for his righteousness, and we shall be healed both from our own transgressions and from the iniquities of our fathers.13<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Who art thou, O great mountain (Zech. iv. 7.) This refers to the King Messiah. And why does he call him \u201cthe great mountain?\u201d Because he is greater than the patriarchs, as it is said, \u201cMy servant shall be high, and lifted up, and lofty exceedingly\u201d \u2014 he will be higher than Abraham, . . . lifted up above Moses, . . . loftier than the ministering angels.14<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n I.e., I have drawn him out of the chastisements. . . .The chastisements are divided into three parts: one for David and the fathers, one for our own generation, and one for the King Messiah; and this is that which is written, \u201cHe was wounded for our transgressions,\u201d etc.15<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n This Parashah the commentators agree in explaining of the Captivity of Israel, although the singular number is used in it throughout. . . .As there is no cause constraining us to do so, why should we here interpret the word collectively, and thereby distort the passage from its natural sense?. . . As then it seemed to me that the doors of the literal interpretation of the Parashah were shut in their face, and that \u201cthey wearied themselves to find the entrance,\u201d having forsaken the knowledge of our Teachers, and inclined after the \u201cstubbornness of their own hearts,\u201d and of their own opinion, I am pleased to interpret it, in accordance with the teaching of our Rabbis, of the King Messiah, and will be careful, so far as I am able, to adhere to the literal sense.16<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n If his soul makes itself into a trespass-offering, implying that his soul will treat itself as guilty, and so receive punishment for our trespasses and transgressions.17<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n My servant shall prosper, or be truly intelligent, because by intelligence man is really man \u2014 it is intelligence which makes a man what he is. And the prophet calls the King Messiah my servant, speaking as one who sent him. Or he may call the whole people my servant, as he says above my people (lii. 6): when he speaks of the people, the King Messiah is included in it; and when he speaks of the King Messiah, the people is comprehended with him. What he says then is, that my servant the King Messiah will prosper.18<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Since the Messiah bears our iniquities which produce the effect of His being bruised, it follows that whoso will not admit that the Messiah thus suffers for our iniquities, must endure and suffer for them himself.19<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n I may remark, then, that our Rabbis with one voice accept and affirm the opinion that the prophet is speaking of the King Messiah, and we ourselves also adhere to the same view.20<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The fact is, that it refers to the King Messiah, who will come in the latter days, when it will be the Lord\u2019s good pleasure to redeem Israel from among the different nations of the earth\u2026..Whatever he underwent was in consequence of their own transgression, the Lord having chosen him to be a trespass-offering, like the scape-goat which bore all the iniquities of the house of Israel.21<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Our righteous anointed is departed from us: horror hath seized us, and we have non to justify us. He hath borne the yoke of our iniquities, and our transgression, and is wounded because of our transgression. He beareth our sins on his shoulder, that he may find pardon for our iniquities. We shall be healed by his wound, at the time that the Eternal will create him (the Messiah) as a new creature. O bring him up from the circle of the earth. Raise him up from Seir, to assemble us the second time on Mount Lebanon, by the hand of Yinnon.22<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n 1. <\/a>Targum (\u201cTargum Jonathan\u201d) to Isaiah 52:13, various editions (such as Samson H. Levey, The Messiah: An Aramaic Interpretation; the Messianic Exegesis of the Targum.\u201d Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1974, p. 63).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. <\/a>Rav Asher Soloff, \u201cThe Fifty Third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Commentators, to the Sixteenth Century\u201d (Ph.D. Thesis, Drew University,1967), p. 146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. <\/a>Jacob Mann, The Bible as Read and Preached in the Old Synagogue (NY: Ktav, 1971, \u00a9 1940), p. 298.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. <\/a>Soncino Talmud edition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. <\/a>Soncino Midrash Rabbah (vol. 8, p. 64).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. <\/a>S. R. Driver and A. Neubauer, editors, The Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters (2 volumes; New York: Ktav, 1969), pp. 19-20. The English translations used here are taken from volume 2. The original texts are in volume 1. Cf. Soloff, pp. 107-09.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, pp. 23 ff.; Soloff pp. 108-109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 8. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 26; Soloff p. 109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 32, citing the edition of Jellinek, Beth ha-Midrash (1855), part iii. p. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 11. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer vol 1: p. 322. Edition is Abraham S. Halkin, ed., Igeret Teman (NY: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1952). See Soloff pp. 127-128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. <\/a>Cited in Driver and Neubauer, pp. 14-15 from section \u201cva-yiqqahel\u201d. Translation from Frydland, Rachmiel, What the Rabbis Know About the Messiah (Cincinnati: Messianic Literature Outreach, 1991), p. 56, n. 27. Note that this section is not found in the Soncino edition which says that it was an interpolation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 13. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, pp. 78 ff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 14. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 9. The same passage is found in Midrash Tanhuma to Genesis (perhaps 9th c.), ed. John T. Townsend (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav, 1989), p. 166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 15. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 16. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, pp. 99-100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 17. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 18. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 19. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 331.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 20. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 258.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 21. <\/a>Driver and Neubauer, p. 400-401.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 22. <\/a>A. Th. Philips, Machzor Leyom Kippur \/ Prayer Book for the Day of Atonement with English Translation; Revised and Enlarged Edition (New York: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1931), p. 239. The passage can also be found in, e.g., the 1937 edition. Also, Driver and Neubauer, p. 399.<\/p>\n\n\n\n by Rachmiel Frydland | September 01 1982 https:\/\/jewsforjesus.org\/learn\/the-rabbis-dilemma-a-look-at-isaiah-53<\/p>\n\n\n\n The subject was never discussed in my pre-war-Poland Hebrew school. In the rabbinical training I had received, the fifty-third chapter of the book of Isaiah had been continually avoided in favor of other, \u201cweightier\u201d matters to be learned. Yet, when I first read this passage, my mind was filled with questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Behold, my servant shall prosper, he shall be exalted, and extolled, and be very high. As many were astonished at thee; his visage was so marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men: So shall he sprinkle many nations; the kings shall shut their mouths at him: for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that which they had not heard shall they consider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Who would have believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he had no form nor comeliness; and when we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and as one from whom men hide their face he was despised, and we esteemed him not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Surely he hath borne griefs inflicted by us, and suffered sorrows we have caused: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded through our transgressions, bruised through our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him, and with his wounds we were healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord hath caused the iniquity of us all to fall upon him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: as a lamb which is brought to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he opened not his mouth. He was taken away from rule and from judgment; and his life who shall recount? for he was cut off out of the land of the living; through the transgressions of my people was he stricken. And one made his grave among the wicked, and his tomb among the rich; although he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief; if his soul shall consider it a recompense for guilt, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my servant justify the righteous before many, and he shall bear their iniquities. Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong because he hath laid open his soul unto death, and was numbered with transgressors; and he took off the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Who is this chapter speaking about? The words are clear\u2014the passage tells of an outstanding Servant of the Lord whose visage is marred and is afflicted and stricken. He has not deserved any pain or wounds, but was wounded through our transgressions, bruised through our iniquities, and with his wounds we are healed. The text presents the suffering Servant of the Lord<\/a> who dies as a korban, a recompense for guilt. He is then buried with the rich and wicked, but is gloriously resurrected to life<\/a>. God permits His afflicted and, at the end, exalted Servant to endure this suffering in order to remove the sins of many<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But who is this Servant?<\/a> Our ancient commentators with one accord noted that the context clearly speaks of God\u2019s Anointed One, the Messiah. The Aramaic translation of this chapter, ascribed to Rabbi Jonathan ben Uzziel, a disciple of Hillel who lived early in the second century C.E., begins with the simple and worthy words:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Behold my servant Messiah shall prosper; he shall be high, and increase, and be exceeding strong: as the house of Israel looked to him through many days, because their countenance was darkened among the peoples, and their complexion beyond the sons of men. (Targum Jonathan on Isaiah 53, ad Iocum)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n We find the same interpretation in the Babylonian Talmud:<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Messiah\u2014what is his name?\u2026The Rabbis say, the leprous one; those of the house of Rabbi say, the sick one, as it is said, \u201cSurely he hath borne our sicknesses.\u201d (Sanhedrin 98b)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Similarly, in the Midrash Rabbah, in an explanation of Ruth 2:14:<\/p>\n\n\n\n He is speaking of the King Messiah: \u201cCome hither\u201d draw near to the throne \u201cand dip thy morsel in the vinegar,\u201d this refers to the chastisements, as it is said, \u201cBut he was wounded for our transgressions, bruised for our iniquities.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n In the same manner also in a later midrash, the Midrash Tanhuma, parasha Toldot, end of section, it says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cWho art thou, O great mountain?\u201d (Zechariah 4:7) This refers to the King Messiah. And why does he call him the \u201cgreat mountain?\u201d Because he is greater than the patriarchs, as it is said, \u201cMy servant shall be high, and lifted up, and lofty exceedingly.\u201d He will be higher than Abraham who said, \u201cI raise high my hand unto the Lord\u201d (Gen. 14:22), lifted up above Moses, to whom it is said, \u201cLift it up into thy bosom\u201d (Numbers 11:12), loftier than the ministering angels, of whom it is written, \u201cTheir wheels were lofty and terrible\u201d (Ezekiel 1:18). And out of whom does he come forth? Out of David.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n These are a few of the ancient interpretations attributing this chapter to the suffering and exalted Messiah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzchaki, 1040-1105) and some of the later rabbis, though, interpreted the passage as referring to Israel.<\/a> They knew that the older interpretations referred it to Messiah. However, Rashi lived at a time when a degenerate medieval distortion of Christianity was practiced<\/a>. He wanted to preserve the Jewish people from accepting such a faith and, although his intentions were sincere, other prominent Jewish rabbis and leaders realized the inconsistencies of Rashi\u2019s interpretation. They presented a threefold objection to his innovation. First, they showed the consensus of ancient opinion. Secondly, they pointed out that the text is in the singular. Thirdly, they noted verse eight. This verse presented an insurmountable difficulty to those who interpreted this passage as referring to Israel. It reads:<\/p>\n\n\n\n He was taken away from rule and from judgment; and his life who shall recount? for he was cut off out of the land of the living; through the transgressions of my people was he stricken.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Were the Jewish people, God forbid, ever cut off out of the land of the living? No! In Jeremiah 31:35-37, God promised that we will exist forever. We are proud that Am Yisrael Chai\u2014\u201dThe people of Israel are much alive.\u201d Likewise, it is impossible to say that Israel suffered for the transgressions of \u201cmy people,\u201d which clearly means Isaiah\u2019s people. Surely Isaiah\u2019s people are not the Gentiles, but the Jews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Moshe Kohen, a 15th-century rabbi in Spain, explains the section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n This passage, the commentators explain, speaks of the captivity of Israel, although the singular number is used in it throughout. Others have supposed it to mean the just in this present world, who are crushed and oppressed now\u2026but these too, for the same reason, by altering the number, distort the verses from their natural meaning. And then it seemed to me that\u2026having forsaken the knowledge of our Teachers, and inclined \u201cafter the stubbornness of their own hearts,\u201d and of their own opinion, I am pleased to interpret it, in accordance with the teaching of our Rabbis, of the King Messiah.2<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n For the same reason, Rabbi Moshe Alsheikh, Rabbi of Safed, late 16th century, points out this fact saying:<\/p>\n\n\n\n I may remark, then, that our Rabbis with one voice accept and affirm the opinion that the prophet is speaking of the King Messiah.2<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Much to the point is the commentary of the great Jewish educator, Herz Homberg (1749-1841), who says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the opinion of Rashi and Ibn Ezra, it relates to Israel at the end of their captivity. But if so, what can be the meaning of the passage, \u201cHe was wounded for our transgressions\u201d? Who was wounded? Who are the transgressors? Who carried out the sickness and bare the pain? The fact is that it refers to the King Messiah.3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n One of our greatest Jewish religious poets, Eliezer HaKalir, paraphrased this chapter in the 9th century into rhyme and metric poetry. It is recited in the Yom Kippur prayer of Kether:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Messiah, our righteousness, hath turned from us: we are in terror and there is none to justify us! Our Iniquities and the yoke of our transgressions He did bear for He was wounded for our transgressions: He carries our sins upon His shoulders, that we may find forgiveness for our iniquities and by His stripes we are healed. O eternal One the time is come to make a new creation: from the vault of heaven bring Him up, out of Seir draw Him forth, that He may make His voice heard to us in Lebanon, a second time by the hand of Yinnon.**<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The words of the prophet Isaiah are words of hope. We have a glorious future and an abundant present if we appropriate the salvation made possible by the One who \u201cwas wounded through our<\/em> transgressions and bruised through our<\/em> iniquities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. <\/a>(Editor\u2019s note: Isaiah 52:13-53:12, from the English translation of The Holy Scriptures, Revised in Accordance with Jewish Tradition and Modern Biblical Scholarship, by Alexander Harkavy, published by the Hebrew Publishing Company, New York, 1916)<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. <\/a>Quotes from: Driver, S.R. and Neubauer, A. The Fifty-Third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters,<\/strong> Ktav Publishing House, New York, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. <\/a>One of Messiah\u2019s names will be Yinnon according to rabbinic interpretation of Psalm 72:19.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Jewish Messianic Interpretations of Isaiah 53 by Jews for Jesus | January 01 2005 https:\/\/jewsforjesus.org\/answers\/jewish-messianic-interpretations-of-isaiah-53 It\u2019s commonly maintained that Isaiah 53 was never considered messianic by rabbis and Jewish sages. Sometimes the … Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\nThe Targum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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In the early cycle of synagogue readings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 98b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Ruth Rabbah 5:6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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The Karaite Yefeth ben Ali (10th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Another statement from Yefeth ben Ali:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Another statement from Yefeth ben Ali:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Mysteries of R. Shim\u2019on ben Yohai (midrash, date uncertain)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Lekach Tov (11th c. midrash)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Maimonides, Letter to Yemen (12th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Zohar II, 212a (medieval)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Nachmanides (R. Moshe ben Nachman)(13th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Yalkut ii: 571 (13th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Yalkut ii. 620 (13th c.), in regard to Psalm 2:6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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R. Mosheh Kohen ibn Crispin (14th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Another comment from R. Mosheh Kohen ibn Crispin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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R. Sh\u2019lomoh Astruc (14th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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R. Elijah de Vidas (16th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Rabbi Moshe Alshekh (El-Sheikh) of Sefad (16th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Herz Homberg (18th-19th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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The musaf (additional) service for the Day of Atonement, Philips machzor (20th c.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Endnotes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
The Rabbis\u2019 Dilemma: A Look at Isaiah 53<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Who is the Servant?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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The Servant is not Israel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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The Servant is the Messiah<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Endnotes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n