{"id":8906,"date":"2023-09-08T16:31:33","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T21:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=8906"},"modified":"2023-09-08T18:06:01","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T23:06:01","slug":"essenes-and-sadducees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/08\/essenes-and-sadducees\/","title":{"rendered":"Essenes and sadducees"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El estudio del contenido y significado de los&nbsp;<em>Manuscritos del Mar Muerto<\/em>&nbsp;muestra un juda\u00edsmo diferente al juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico posterior (m\u00e1s af\u00edn a la secta de los fariseos), pero que, al mismo tiempo, tiene varias coincidencias con el cristianismo. Puesto que los manuscritos son contempor\u00e1neos a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jes\u00fas de Nazaret<\/a>&nbsp;y a sus primeros disc\u00edpulos, el estudio de estos es de gran utilidad para entender el nacimiento del cristianismo al interior del juda\u00edsmo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De acuerdo al Documento de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pontificia_Comisi%C3%B3n_B%C3%ADblica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pontificia Comisi\u00f3n B\u00edblica<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>&#8220;El Pueblo Jud\u00edo y sus Escrituras Sagradas en La Biblia Cristiana&#8221; (2001), nros. 12-13<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La expresi\u00f3n m\u00e1s clara del modo como los contempor\u00e1neos de Jes\u00fas interpretaban las Escrituras aparece en los manuscritos del Mar Muerto, manuscritos copiados entre el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_II_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">siglo II&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<\/a>&nbsp;y el a\u00f1o&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/60\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">60&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C.<\/a>, en un per\u00edodo bien pr\u00f3ximo al del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministerio_de_Jes%C3%BAs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ministerio de Jes\u00fas<\/a>&nbsp;y de la formaci\u00f3n de los Evangelios. (&#8230;) Desde el punto de vista de la forma y del m\u00e9todo, el Nuevo Testamento, en particular los Evangelios, presenta grandes parecidos con Qumr\u00e1n en el modo de utilizar las Escrituras. (&#8230;) El uso similar de la Escritura deriva de una perspectiva de base parecida en las dos comunidades, la de Qumr\u00e1n y la del Nuevo Testamento. (&#8230;) Una y otra ten\u00edan la convicci\u00f3n de que la plena comprensi\u00f3n de las profec\u00edas hab\u00eda sido revelada a su fundador y transmitida por \u00e9l: en Qumr\u00e1n, &#8220;el Maestro de Justicia&#8221;; para los cristianos, Jes\u00fas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[Acerca de] la afinidad con algunas ideas aparecidas posteriormente en el&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evangelio_de_Juan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Evangelio de Juan<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;y otros libros del&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuevo_Testamento\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nuevo Testamento<\/a><\/em>. Diferentes escritos de Qumr\u00e1n enfatizan temas claves resaltados por&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jes\u00fas<\/a>&nbsp;y los cristianos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la Nueva Alianza (<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;VI:19&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mateo+26%3A28&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mateo 26:28<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la venida del Hijo del Hombre, el Hijo de Dios, llamado Hijo del Alt\u00edsimo (4Q246), que expiar\u00eda por los pecados de los dem\u00e1s (4Q540;&nbsp;<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;XIV:19);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mes%C3%ADas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mes\u00edas<\/a>&nbsp;engendrado por Dios (1Q28a) y a la vez Siervo Sufriente (4Q381, 4Q540);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Esp\u00edritu Santo<\/a>&nbsp;(1QHa XX;&nbsp;<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;II:12, VII:4, 4Q267);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el &#8220;Pozo de Agua Viva&#8221; (1QHa XVI);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bautismo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bautismo<\/a>, tiempo en el desierto despu\u00e9s de la conversi\u00f3n (4Q414);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la Cena Sagrada de pan y vino (1Q28a; 1QS VI);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el sacerdocio de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melquisedec\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Melquisedec<\/a>&nbsp;y su identificaci\u00f3n con el Mes\u00edas (11Q13;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Hebreos+7&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebreos 7<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el rechazo a todo celo por la riqueza material (<em>Regla de la Comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;XI:2 con&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Lucas+16%3A4&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lucas 16:4<\/a>; 4Q267,2,II con&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=1Timoteo+6%3A10&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1Timoteo 6:10<\/a>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la condena del saqueo y la explotaci\u00f3n (4Q267,IV; 4Q390);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>los&nbsp;<em>hijos de la Luz<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Regla de la Comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;III:13, 4Q260);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la justificaci\u00f3n por la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fe\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Fe<\/a>&nbsp;y la salvaci\u00f3n por la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gracia_divina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gracia<\/a>&nbsp;(1QH V; 11Q5 XIX);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la humildad y pobreza de esp\u00edritu (1Q33 XIV; 4Q491) (&#8220;bienaventurados los humildes&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mateo+5%3A3-4&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mateo 5:3-4<\/a>, 11Q5, 1QHa VI), &#8220;responder humildemente al arrogante&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mateo+5%3A40&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mateo 5:40<\/a>));<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la caridad, el amor y necesidad de compartir (4Q259 III; 4Q267 18 III);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la imperfecci\u00f3n de los juicios humanos (en contraste con la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ley_divina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Justicia divina<\/a>) y el rechazo a la venganza humana (4Q269&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Romanos+12%3A17%2C+19%2C+21&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Romanos 12:17, 19, 21<\/a>); &#8220;no dar a un hombre la recompensa del mal&#8221;, ni hacer justicia por cuenta propia (<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;IX:9, 4Q269) sino responder al mal con bien (<em>Regla de la Comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;X:17-18, 4Q258);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el perd\u00f3n para quien se convierte (<em>Regla de la Comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;X:20);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la correcci\u00f3n fraterna mutua (1QS V; 5Q12&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mateo+18%3A15-17&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mateo 18:15-17<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la confesi\u00f3n (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Santiago+5%3A16&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Santiago 5:16<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la enmienda mejor que sacrificio de animales (1QS IX);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la ca\u00edda de los reyes de la tierra (1QM XI);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el Tiempo del Juicio, la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nueva_Jerusal%C3%A9n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nueva Jerusal\u00e9n<\/a>&nbsp;(2Q24; 5Q15);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la comunidad de amor (1QS II) y fe como templo de Dios;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>el rechazo al repudio de la esposa (<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;IV:21; 4Q271);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la condena de interpretaciones &#8220;f\u00e1ciles&#8221; (4Q169) de la Palabra de Dios y rechazo a cambiar la Palabra de Dios por las tradiciones humanas (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mateo+15%3A3-9&amp;version=DHH\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mateo 15:3-9<\/a>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la denuncia de la hipocres\u00eda de los&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fariseo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">fariseos<\/a>&nbsp;(1QHa XII) y de las pr\u00e1cticas de los&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saduceo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">saduceos<\/a>&nbsp;(1Q14; 4Q162):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ellos buscaron interpretaciones f\u00e1ciles, escogieron ilusiones, buscaron brechas; eligieron el cuello hermoso, justificaron al culpable y condenaron al justo; transgredieron la alianza, quebrantaron el precepto, se unieron contra la vida del justo, su alma aborreci\u00f3 a todos los que caminan con rectitud, los persiguieron con la espada y fomentaron la disputa del pueblo.<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;I:18-21, 4Q267);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la creencia en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resurrecci%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">resurrecci\u00f3n<\/a>&nbsp;(1QH 1:29,34; 4Q521).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<strong>Documento de Damasco<\/strong>&nbsp;es un manifiesto hist\u00f3rico, doctrinal y normativo de una comunidad&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pueblo_jud%C3%ADo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">jud\u00eda<\/a>&nbsp;disidente, cuyas dos copias del manuscrito, parcialmente conservadas, fueron encontradas en 1896 en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geniza\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">geniza<\/a>&nbsp;de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinagoga_Ben_Ezra\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sinagoga Ben Ezra<\/a>&nbsp;de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Cairo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">El Cairo<\/a>&nbsp;por&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Solomon_Schechter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Solomon Schechter<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Otras copias fueron halladas d\u00e9cadas despu\u00e9s en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumr%C3%A1n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumr\u00e1n<\/a>, en las cuevas 4 (siete fragmentos), 5 (un fragmento) y 6 (cinco fragmentos).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_note-FGM-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_note-Delcor-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las copias de Qumr\u00e1n datan del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_I_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">siglo I a. C.<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.cam.ac.uk\/Taylor-Schechter\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160912123614\/http:\/\/www.lib.cam.ac.uk\/Taylor-Schechter\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archivado<\/a>&nbsp;el 12 de septiembre de 2016 en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wayback Machine<\/a>.;&nbsp;<em>Cambridge University Library<\/em>. Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Werrett, Ian C. (2007).&nbsp;<em>Ritual Purity and the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. BRILL. pp. 20.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/9789004156234\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN 978-90-04-15623-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-FGM_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Saltar a:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-FGM_3-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, Florentino (editor y traductor); Textos de Qumr\u00e1n; Editorial Trotta, Madrid, 1992 (6\u00aa edici\u00f3n 2009). Traducciones del Documento de Damasco: p.p. 80-120; listado: 481-518.-&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/9788487699443\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN 978-84-87699-44-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-Delcor_4-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Saltar a:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-Delcor_4-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Delcor, Mathias y Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez (1982)&nbsp;<em>Introduccion a la Literatura Esenia de Qumran<\/em>: 61-87. Madrid: Ediciones Cristiandad.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/8470573267\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN 84-7057-326-7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Documento_de_Damasco#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/scrolls\/scr4.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The Damascus Document Scroll<\/a>;&nbsp;<em>Scrolls from the Dead Sea<\/em>, July 27, 2010. Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2014.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La autor\u00eda saducea de los rollos del Mar Muerto ha sido refutada por varios expertos,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-JVK-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b ya que las reglas de Qumran y el&nbsp;<em>Documento de Damasco<\/em>&nbsp;exigen expl\u00edcitamente la comunidad de bienes<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b como requisito de ingreso,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b lo cual era opuesto a las pr\u00e1cticas saduceas. Los qumranitas se designaban como \u00ablos pobres\u00bb, mientras los saduceos pertenec\u00edan a la crema de la sociedad rica y aristocr\u00e1tica.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-MD-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u200bAunque los autores de los rollos encontrados reclaman su origen sacerdotal y por tanto un origen com\u00fan con los saduceos, tambi\u00e9n denuncian que el Templo fue contaminado por la corrupci\u00f3n de los sacerdotes que quedaron all\u00ed, por lo cual es imposible que fueran estos \u00faltimos al huir quienes hubieran preservado los rollos. Durante los a\u00f1os de control saduceo del Templo (del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/134_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">134<\/a>&nbsp;al&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/76_a._C.\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">76&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<\/a>), bajo los reinados de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Hircano\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Juan Hircano<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arist%C3%B3bulo_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Arist\u00f3bulo I<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandro_Janneo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alejandro Janneo<\/a>, los autores de los rollos fueron severamente perseguidos; por lo tanto es claro que no eran saduceos, sino sus contradictores.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-MD-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u200bLa&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angelolog%C3%ADa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">angelolog\u00eda<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_note-JVK-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b as\u00ed como la insistencia de los diversos rollos en seguir el calendario solar del&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Jubileos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de los jubileos<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;y del&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Henoc\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Primer libro de Henoc<\/a><\/em>, excluyen tambi\u00e9n la posibilidad de una autor\u00eda saducea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VanderKam, James C. (2005): \u00abLa comunidad de los manuscritos del mar Muerto: \u00bfesenios o saduceos?\u00bb; en Hershel Shanks (ed.):&nbsp;<em>Los manuscritos del mar Muerto<\/em>&nbsp;(p\u00e1g.&nbsp;105-124). Barcelona (Espa\u00f1a): Paid\u00f3s, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_ref-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Regla de la comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;(1QS V: 2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_ref-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Regla de la Comunidad<\/em>&nbsp;(1QS VI: 19-20, 22).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2191&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_ref-MD_20-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Saltar a:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esenios#cite_ref-MD_20-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Delcor M.; y Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, F. (1982):&nbsp;<em>Introducci\u00f3n a la literatura esenia de Qumr\u00e1n<\/em>&nbsp;(33). Madrid (Espa\u00f1a): Cristiandad, 1982.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Essenes<\/strong>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\/\u02c8\u025bsi\u02d0nz,&nbsp;\u025b\u02c8si\u02d0nz\/<\/a>;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>:&nbsp;\u05d0\u05b4\u05e1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd\u200e,&nbsp;<em>Isiyim<\/em>;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koine_Greek\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>: \u1f18\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03af, \u1f18\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, or \u1f48\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9,&nbsp;<em>Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi<\/em>) were a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mysticism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">mystic<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jews\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jewish<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewish_religious_movements#Sects_in_the_Second_Temple_period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sect<\/a>&nbsp;during the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Temple_period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Second Temple period<\/a>&nbsp;that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Essene movement likely originated as a distinct group among Jews during&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Apphus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jonathan Apphus<\/a>&#8216; time, driven by disputes over Jewish law and the belief that Jonathan&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Priest_of_Israel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">high priesthood<\/a>&nbsp;was illegitimate.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_note-:2-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Most scholars think the Essenes seceded from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zadok\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Zadokite<\/a>&nbsp;priests.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-HE-he_1-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u05d0\u05e9\u05dc, \u05d7\u05e0\u05df, &#8220;\u05ea\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05db\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05df&#8221;, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05da: \u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05dd \u05e7\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8 (\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da), \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05df: \u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05e8\u05da \u05d0&#8217;, \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d7\u05e7 \u05d1\u05df-\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9. 2009, \u05e2\u05de&#8217; 9. (Hebrew)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Cyprus), Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in (2009).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IKyxt9kyys8C&amp;pg=PA32\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I (sects 1-46)<\/em><\/a>. BRILL. p.&nbsp;32.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-90-04-17017-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-90-04-17017-9<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-:2_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-:2_3-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-:2_3-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Gurtner, Daniel M.; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2020).&nbsp;<em>T&amp;T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism<\/em>. Vol.&nbsp;2. T&amp;T Clark. pp.&nbsp;250\u2013252.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-567-66144-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0-567-66144-9<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;F.F. Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Paternoster Press, 1956.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Teacher of Righteousness<\/strong>&nbsp;(in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>: \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7&nbsp;<em>Moreh ha-Tzedek<\/em>) is a figure found in some of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumran\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumran<\/a>, most prominently in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damascus_Document\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Damascus Document<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teacher_of_Righteousness#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This document speaks briefly of the origins of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sect\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sect<\/a>, probably&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essenes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Essenes<\/a>, 390 years after the reign of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nebuchadnezzar\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nebuchadnezzar<\/a>&nbsp;(d. 562 BC) and after 20 years of looking blindly for the way. &#8220;God&#8230; raised for them a Teacher of Righteousness to guide them in the way of His heart&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teacher_of_Righteousness#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;(CD)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teacher_of_Righteousness#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(CD 1:9\u201311)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sirach\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sirach<\/a><\/em>, whose\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>\u00a0text was already known from the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Geniza\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cairo Geniza<\/a>, has been found in two scrolls (2QSir or 2Q18, 11QPs_a or 11Q5) in Hebrew. Another Hebrew scroll of\u00a0<em>Sirach<\/em>\u00a0has been found in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masada\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Masada<\/a>\u00a0(MasSir).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-Abegg-36\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[34]<\/a>:\u200a597\u200a<\/sup>\u00a0Five fragments from the\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Tobit\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Book of Tobit<\/a><\/em>\u00a0have been found in Qumran written in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aramaic_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Aramaic<\/a>\u00a0and in one written in Hebrew (papyri 4Q, nos. 196\u2013200).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-DSS-37\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[c]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-Abegg-36\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[34]<\/a>:\u200a636\u200a<\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letter_of_Jeremiah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Letter of Jeremiah<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(or\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Baruch\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baruch<\/a><\/em>\u00a0chapter 6) has been found in cave 7 (papyrus\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=7Q2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">7Q2<\/a>) in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koine_Greek\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-Abegg-36\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[34]<\/a>:\u200a628\u200a<\/sup>\u00a0It has been theorized by recent scholars<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-38\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0that the Qumran library (of approximately 1,100 manuscripts found in the eleven caves at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumran\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumran<\/a>)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-39\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0was not entirely produced at Qumran, but may have included part of the library of the Jerusalem Temple, that may have been hidden in the caves for safekeeping at the time the Temple was destroyed by Romans in 70\u00a0AD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deuterocanonical and Apocryphal books included in the Septuagint are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Greek name<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-Jobes_and_Silva-40\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[37]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-McLay-41\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Transliteration<\/td><td>English name<\/td><\/tr><tr><th colspan=\"3\">Deuterocanonical books<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a4\u03c9\u03b2\u03af\u03c4<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-%CE%A4%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%84-42\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[d]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><em>T\u014dbit<\/em><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-T%C5%8Dbeit-43\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[e]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Tobit or Tobias<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u03b8<\/td><td><em>Ioudith<\/em><\/td><td>Judith<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u1f18\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c1<\/td><td><em>Esth\u0113r<\/em><\/td><td>Esther with additions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u02b9<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I_Maccabees\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1 Makkabai\u014dn<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>1 Maccabees<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u02b9<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/II_Maccabees\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2 Makkabai\u014dn<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>2 Maccabees<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bbo\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td><td><em>Sophia Salom\u014dntos<\/em><\/td><td>Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sirach\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sophia I\u0113sou Seirach<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>Sirach or Ecclesiasticus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7<\/td><td><em>Barouch<\/em><\/td><td>Baruch<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u1f38\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epistle_of_Jeremiah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Epistol\u0113 Ieremiou<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>Letter of Jeremiah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb<\/td><td><em>Dani\u0113l<\/em><\/td><td>Daniel with additions<\/td><\/tr><tr><th colspan=\"3\">Deuterocanonical for the Eastern Orthodox Churches<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_note-canon-44\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[f]<\/a><\/sup><\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74 \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u1fc6<\/td><td><em>Proseuch\u0113 Manass\u0113<\/em><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prayer_of_Manasseh\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Prayer of Manasseh<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u02b9<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1_Esdras\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1 Esdras<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>1 Esdras<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0393\u02b9<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/III_Maccabees\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">3 Makkabai\u014dn<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>3 Maccabees<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0394&#8217; \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/td><td><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IV_Maccabees\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">4 Makkabai\u014dn<\/a><\/em><\/td><td>4 Maccabees<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a1\u039d\u0391\u02b9<\/td><td><em>Psalmos 151<\/em><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psalm_151\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Psalm 151<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Apocrypha<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03a3\u03b1\u03bbo\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td><td><em>Psalmoi Salom\u014dntos<\/em><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psalms_of_Solomon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Psalms of Solomon<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karen_H._Jobes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Karen H. Jobes<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moises_Silva\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Moises Silva<\/a>&nbsp;(2001).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OysSAQAAIAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Invitation to the Septuagint<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paternoster_Press\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Paternoster Press<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1842270613\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>1842270613<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_ref-McLay_41-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Timothy McLay,&nbsp;<em>The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0802860915\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0802860915<\/a>.<\/em>\u2014The current standard introduction on the NT &amp; LXX.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Also called&nbsp;\u03a4\u03c9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c4&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u03a4\u03c9\u03b2\u03af\u03b8&nbsp;in some sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_ref-T%C5%8Dbeit_43-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Also called&nbsp;<em>T\u014dbeit<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>T\u014dbith<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books#cite_ref-canon_44-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. Eastern Orthodox Churches consider some of the following books as deuterocanonical.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1965 the Dead Sea Scrolls document known as\u00a0<em>Melchizedek\u00a0<\/em>dated to around 100 BC reveals the Essenes were waiting for this Melchizedek ( King of Righteousness ) High Priest and King Messiah. The Essenes also write in this document that they knew the time of his appearing due to the prophecies written in Daniel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11Q13<\/strong>, also\u00a0<strong>11QMelch<\/strong>\u00a0or the\u00a0<strong>Melchizedek document<\/strong>, is a fragmentary manuscript among the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">from Cave 11<\/a>) which mentions\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melchizedek#In_the_Dead_Sea_Scroll_11Q13\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Melchizedek<\/a>\u00a0as leader of God&#8217;s angels in a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Heaven\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">war in Heaven<\/a>\u00a0against the angels of darkness instead of the more familiar\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_(archangel)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archangel Michael<\/a>. The text is an apocalyptic commentary on the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jubilee_(biblical)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jubilee year<\/a>\u00a0of Leviticus 25.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The Dead Sea Scrolls contain texts in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, the language of 11Q13 is Hebrew, date of composition is circa 100 BCE.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the fragmentary passage the term &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elohim\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Elohim<\/a>&#8221; appears a dozen times, mainly referring to the God of Israel, but in commentary on &#8220;who says to Zion &#8220;Your Elohim reigns&#8221; (Isa. 52;7) 11Q13 states that Zion is the congregation of all the sons of righteousness, while Melchizedek is &#8220;Your Elohim&#8221; who will deliver the sons of righteousness from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belial\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Belial<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11QMelch II&#8230; And concerning that which He said, In [this] year of Jubilee [each of you shall return to his property (Lev. xxv, 13); and likewise, And this is the manner of release:] every creditor shall release that which he has lent [to his neighbour. He shall not exact it of his neighbour and his brother], for God&#8217;s release [has been proclaimed] (Deut. xv, 2). [And it will be proclaimed at] the end of days concerning the captives as [He said, To proclaim liberty to the captives (Isa. lxi, 1). Its interpretation is that He] will assign them to the Sons of Heaven and to the inheritance of Melchizedek; f[or He will cast] their [lot] amid the potrtions of Melchize]dek, who will return them there and will proclaim to them liberty, forgiving them [the wrong-doings] of all their iniquities. And this thing will [occur] in the first week of the Jubilee that follows the nine Jubilees. And the Day of Atonement is the e[nd of the] tenth [Ju]bilee, when all the Sons of [Light] and the men of the lot of Mel[chi]zedek will be atoned for. [And] a statute concerns them [to prov]ide them with their rewards. For this is the moment of the Year of Grace for Melchizedek. [And h]e will, by his strength, judge the holy ones of God, executing judgement as it is written concerning him in the Songs of David, who said, ELOHIM has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgement (Psalms lxxxii, 1). And it was concerning him that he said, (Let the assembly of the peoples) return to the height above them; EL (god) will judge the peoples (Psalms vii, 7-8). As for that which he s[aid, How long will you] judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked? Selah (Psalms lxxxii, 2), its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot [who] rebelled by turning away from the precepts of God to &#8230; And Melchizedek will avenge the vengeance of the judgements of God&#8230; and he will drag [them from the hand of] Belial and from the hand of all the sp[irits of] his [lot].And all the &#8216;gods [of Justice&#8217;] will come to his aid [to] attend to the de[struction] of Belial. And the height is &#8230; all the sons of God&#8230; this &#8230; This is the day of [Peace\/Salvation] concerning which [God] spoke [through Isa]iah the prophet, who said, [How] beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger who proclaims peace, who brings good news, who proclaims salvation, who says to Zion: Your ELOHIM [reigns] (Isa. lii, 7). Its interpretation; the mountains are the prophets&#8230; and the messenger is the Anointed one of the spirit, concerning whom Dan[iel] said, [Until an anointed one, a prince (Dan. ix, 25)] &#8230; [And he who brings] good [news] , who proclaims [salvation]: it is concerning him that it is written&#8230; [To comfort all who mourn, to grant to those who mourn in Zion] (Isa. lxi, 2-3). To comfort [those who mourn: its interpretation], to make them understand all the ages of t[ime] &#8230; In truth &#8230; will turn away from Belial&#8230; by the judgement[s] of God, as it is written concerning him, [who says to Zion]\u00a0; your ELOHIM reigns. Zion is &#8230;, those who uphold the Covenant, who turn from walking [in] the way of the people. And your ELOHIM is [Melchizedek, who will save them from] the hand of Belial. As for that which He said, Then you shall send abroad the trump[et in] all the land (Lev. xxv, 9) &#8230;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_note-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gard Graner\u00f8d&nbsp;<em>Abraham and Melchizedek: Scribal Activity of Second Temple Times<\/em>&nbsp;23 p208 2010 &#8220;The Melchizedek document from Qumran (11Q13) offers no explicit reference to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psalm_110\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Psalm 110<\/a>&nbsp;or to Genesis 14. That is, its main protagonist,&nbsp;<em>qdc yklm,<\/em>&nbsp;is not explicitly connected with the only two biblical texts that contain the identical &#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;John R. Hinnells&nbsp;<em>A handbook of ancient religions<\/em>&nbsp;2007 p241 &#8220;In a fragmentary text from cave 11 at Qumran (11q13 in Vermes 1997: 500\u20132) the role of Michael as leader of God&#8217;s angels and destroyer of the angels of darkness is taken over by Melchizedek. The text is a commentary on the Jubilee law &#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;James H. Charlesworth The Dead Sea scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts vol.4 p7 \u2013 1994 &#8220;Speculation about Melchizedek is attested at Qumran in Melchizedek (11Q13)&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez&nbsp;<em>Qumran and Apocalyptic: studies on the Aramaic texts from Qumran<\/em>&nbsp;1992 p176 &#8220;11QMelchizedek This is a clearly eschatological Hebrew fragment&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Timo Eskola&nbsp;<em>Messiah and the throne: Jewish Merkabah mysticism and early 2001 p140 &#8220;Melchizedek was also called Elohim (1 IQMelch. 25).48 The divine name of the angel here does not necessarily mean &#8230; Melchizedek is apparently quite special, since he will also be the one who saves people from the power of Belial.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Richard Bauckham Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and other studies on p222 &#8221; (1) Melchizedek: In 11QMelchizedek, Melchizedek is the name of a principal angel, probably to be regarded as another &#8230; angels (called &#8216;elim in 2:14, as frequently in the Qumran literature), from the power of Belial and his evil angels.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Max Turner Power from on high: the Spirit in Israel&#8217;s restoration and witness p227 \u2013 1996 &#8220;61.1-2.39 The writer concludes that an exalted figure (probably &#8216;Melchizedek&#8217;)40 will appear in the tenth Jubilee &#8230; and 8), and to execute God&#8217;s judgment on the hosts of Belial (lines 9, 1 1-15, 20).&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;The Messiah: developments in earliest Judaism and Christianity: 1987 vol.2 James H. Charlesworth \u2013 1992 &#8220;Apparently the obedient angels and even the powers of Belial are called by that name. But most probably in line 10 it means a divine figure or heavenly being, with whom Melchizedek is identified, so that he appears here as a Redeemer.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11Q13#cite_ref-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;The complete Dead Sea scrolls in English G\u00e9za Verm\u00e8s 2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El estudio del contenido y significado de los&nbsp;Manuscritos del Mar Muerto&nbsp;muestra un juda\u00edsmo diferente al juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico posterior (m\u00e1s af\u00edn a la secta de los fariseos), pero que, al mismo tiempo, tiene &#8230; <a title=\"Essenes and sadducees\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/08\/essenes-and-sadducees\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Essenes and sadducees\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"social-share asbm-share-block\"><strong class=\"asbm-share-title\">Sharing is caring<\/strong><a 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