{"id":8936,"date":"2023-09-10T07:21:30","date_gmt":"2023-09-10T12:21:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=8936"},"modified":"2023-09-10T07:21:31","modified_gmt":"2023-09-10T12:21:31","slug":"tartary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/10\/tartary\/","title":{"rendered":"Tartary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c2 \u039b\u03b9. \u03a8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palter, Dissemble https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/wordplay\/7-words-for-lying<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are more than 20 towns in America called Moscow. Why is that? The World in Words<\/a> March 10, 2016 \u00b7 3:15 PM EST By Alina Simone<\/a>Jared Goyette<\/a> Spaulding\u2019s conclusion wasn\u2019t definitive, but it was a worthy effort. He isn\u2019t the only person to set out trying to figure out why a small town in the middle of America acquired the same name as the capital of Russia. There are more than 20 identically named cities scattered across the country. There\u2019s a Moscow in Idaho near the border with Washington, another up north in Maine and one down south in Texas. https:\/\/theworld.org\/stories\/2016-03-10\/there-are-more-20-towns-america-called-moscow-why<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/viewer?mid=1FjZFf6LXrqtAMvF2KWplWw0-TtY&femb=1&ll=40.432760865214206%2C-93.44562009999999&z=3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The fire department in Moscow, Michigan. Credit: Photo courtesy of Erjan Aisabay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The post office in Moscow, Texas. Credit: Photo courtesy of Erjan Aisabay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A road sign in Moscow, Ohio in 1987. Credit: Photo courtsey of Ren Vasilyev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hagia Sophia<\/strong> (lit.<\/a> ‘Holy Wisdom<\/a>‘; Turkish<\/a>: Ayasofya<\/em>; Greek<\/a>: \u1f09\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, romanized<\/a>: <\/small>Hag\u00eda Soph\u00eda<\/em>; Latin<\/a>: Sancta Sapientia<\/em>), officially the Hagia Sophia Mosque<\/strong> (Turkish: Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i \u015eerifi<\/em>),[3]<\/a><\/sup> is a mosque<\/a> and a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul<\/a>, Turkey<\/a>. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in 537 AD. It was an Orthodox church until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, then a mosque until 1935, then a museum and then from 2020 a mosque again, as well as being a Roman Catholic<\/a> cathedral for some decades after the Fourth Crusade<\/a> of 1204.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \n
  1. Emerson, William; van Nice, Robert L. (1950). “Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople”<\/a>. American Journal of Archaeology<\/em>. 54<\/strong> (1): 28\u201340. doi<\/a>:10.2307\/500639<\/a>. ISSN<\/a> 0002-9114<\/a>. JSTOR<\/a> 500639<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 193099976<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. ^<\/a><\/strong> Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]<\/em>. ABC-CLIO. p. 299. ISBN<\/a> 978-1-61069-566-4<\/bdi><\/a>. Hagia Sophia was consecrated on December 27, 537, five years after construction had begun. The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, referring to the Logos<\/a> (the second entity of the Trinity) or, alternatively, Christ as the Logos incarnate.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. ^<\/a><\/strong> Eyice, Semavi (1991). Ayasofya<\/em><\/a> [Hagia Sophia<\/em>]. pp. 206\u2013210. {{cite encyclopedia<\/a>}}<\/code>: |work=<\/code> ignored (help<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. ^<\/a><\/strong> Phillips, Jonathan (2005). The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople<\/em><\/a>. Penguin Books. ISBN<\/a> 978-1-101-12188-7<\/bdi><\/a>. OCLC<\/a> 607531385<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    A. [Alexander] Wylie (tr.): Translation of the Ts\u2019ing wan k\u2019e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature:<\/em> (Shanghai: London Mission Press 1855) https:\/\/china-bibliographie.univie.ac.at\/2010\/09\/22\/wylie-translation-of-the-tsing-wan-ke-mung\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Manchu Conquest of China F. W. Williams<\/a>The Journal of Race Development<\/a>, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Oct., 1913), pp. 152-167 (16 pages) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/29737987<\/a> https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29737987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Manchus<\/strong> (Manchu<\/a>: \u182e\u1820\u1828\u1835\u1860,\u2002M\u00f6llendorff<\/a>: manju<\/em>; Chinese<\/a>: \u6eff\u65cf<\/a>; pinyin<\/a>: M\u01cenz\u00fa<\/em>; Wade\u2013Giles<\/a>: Man3<\/sup>-tsu2<\/sup><\/em>)A<\/a><\/sup> are a Tungusic<\/a>East Asian<\/a>ethnic group<\/a> native to Manchuria<\/a> in Northeast Asia<\/a>. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China<\/a> and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.[4]<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. National Census Bureau of Chinese State Council (2012). \u300a\u4e2d\u56fd2010\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u8d44\u6599\uff08\u4e0a\u4e2d\u4e0b\uff09\u300b<\/bdi><\/a> [The Data of 2010 China Population Census<\/em>]. China Statistics Press. ISBN<\/a> 978-7503765070<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u6eff\u65cf\u5354\u6703<\/bdi><\/a>. manchusoc.org<\/em>. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Research”. Ethnicity Research (\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u300b)<\/em> (in Simplified Chinese) (1\u201312): 21. 1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Ethnic Groups in China”<\/a>. The State Council of the People’s Republic of China<\/em>. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original<\/a> on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Chinese Tartary<\/strong> (Chinese<\/a>: \u4e2d\u570b\u97c3\u977c\u5229\u4e9e; pinyin<\/a>: Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 D\u00e1d\u00e1l\u00ecy\u00e0<\/em>) is an archaic geographical term referring to the regions of Manchuria<\/a>, Mongolia<\/a>, Xinjiang<\/a> (also referred to as Chinese Turkestan<\/a>), and Tibet<\/a> under the rule of the Qing dynasty<\/a> of China. The term “Tartar” was used by Europeans to refer to ethnicities living in northern, northeastern, and western China, including the Mongols<\/a>, Manchus<\/a>, Tibetans<\/a>, and Central Asians<\/a>. Some definitions include the Japanese<\/a> (as indicated in violet on the map below). The regions are now more commonly referred to by scholars as Inner Asia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/a>
      D’Anville’s map of China proper<\/a> and Chinese Tartary, created in 1734.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/a>
      Map of independent Tartary<\/a> (in yellow) and Chinese Tartary (in violet), in 1806.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Early European writers used the term “Tartar” indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia<\/a> and referred to their lands as “Tartary”. By the seventeenth century, however, largely under the influence of Catholic missionary writings, the word “Tartar” came to refer to the Manchus<\/a>, and the land they ruled as “Tartary”, referring to Manchuria<\/a> and adjacent parts of Inner Asia<\/a> ruled by the Qing dynasty.[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup> The term “Chinese Tartary” was used as early as 1734 on a map created by the French geographer and cartographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville<\/a> (1697\u20131782), who published the map in the Nouvel atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie Chinoise et du Thibet<\/em> (New atlas of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet) in 1738.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Dong, Shaoxin (2020), “The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century”<\/a>, in Weststeijn, Thijs (ed.), Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590\u20131800<\/em>, Leiden: Brill, pp. 82\u201383, ISBN<\/a> 9789004418929<\/bdi><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. ^<\/a><\/strong> Woolley, Nathan (2016), Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644\u20131911<\/em>, National Library of Australia, p. 107, ISBN<\/a> 9780642278760<\/bdi><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Eurasia<\/strong> (\/j\u028a\u0259\u02c8re\u026a\u0292\u0259\/<\/a> yoor-AY-zh\u0259<\/em><\/a>, also UK<\/a>: <\/small>\/-\u0283\u0259\/<\/a> -\u2060sh\u0259<\/em><\/a>) is the largest continental area on Earth<\/a>, comprising all of Europe<\/a> and Asia<\/a>.[3]<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/sup> According to some geographers, physiographically<\/a>, Eurasia is a single continent<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup> The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity<\/a>, but their borders have historically been subject to change, for example to the ancient Greeks<\/a> Asia originally included Africa but they classified Europe<\/a> [5]<\/a><\/sup> as separate land. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal<\/a>, and the two are sometimes combined to describe the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia<\/a>.[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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          \n
        1. “Population of Europe (2023) – Worldometers”<\/a>. www.worldometers.info<\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Population of Asia (2023) – Worldometers”<\/a>. www.worldometers.info<\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. ^<\/a><\/strong> Nield, Ted. “Continental Divide”<\/a>. Geological Society<\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. ^ Jump up to:a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> McDaniel, Melissa; Sprout, Erin; et al. (20 September 2011). “How many continents are there?”<\/a>. Continent<\/em>. National Geographic Society<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2017. By convention there are seven continents: Asia<\/a>, Africa<\/a>, North America<\/a>, South America<\/a>, Europe<\/a>, Australia<\/a>, and Antarctica<\/a>. Some geographers list only six continents, combining Europe<\/a> and Asia<\/a> into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia (Oceania), Africa, Antarctica, and the Americas<\/a>.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. ^<\/a><\/strong> Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.<\/a> (2006). Early Modern Europe, 1450\u20131789<\/em><\/a>. Cambridge University Press<\/a>. p. 2. ISBN<\/a> 9780521005210<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. ^<\/a><\/strong> McColl, R. W., ed. (2005). ‘continents’ \u2013 <\/em>Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1<\/a>. Golson Books Ltd. p. 215. ISBN<\/a> 9780816072293<\/bdi><\/a>. Archived<\/a> from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2012. “And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia.<\/q>“<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          Author:<\/strong><\/td>Olearius, Adam, 1603-1671.<\/td><\/tr>
          Title:<\/strong><\/td>The voyages and travells of the ambassadors sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia begun in the year M.DC.XXXIII. and finish’d in M.DC.XXXIX : containing a compleat history of Muscovy, Tartary, Persia, and other adjacent countries : with several publick transactions reaching near the present times : in VII. books. Whereto are added the Travels of John Albert de Mandelslo (a gentleman belonging to the embassy) from Persia into the East-Indies … in III. books … \/ written originally by Adam Olearius, secretary to the embassy ; faithfully rendered into English, by John Davies<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/eebo\/A53322.0001.001?view=toc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors – sent by Frederick Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia, begun in the year 1633 and finish’d in 1639 is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1662. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future. https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Voyages-Travels-Ambassadors\/dp\/3337956270<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Adam Olearius <\/strong>(born Adam \u00d6lschl\u00e4ger<\/strong> or Oehlschlaeger<\/strong>, 24 September 1599 \u2013 22 February 1671) was a German scholar, mathematician<\/a>, geographer<\/a> and librarian<\/a>. He became secretary to the ambassador sent by Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp<\/a>, to the Shah<\/a> of Safavid<\/a> (Iran), and published two books about the events and observations during his travels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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          Adam Olearius by J\u00fcrgen Ovens<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp<\/strong> (22 December 1597 \u2013 10 August 1659) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Viceroyalty of New Spain Location 1819 (without Philippines).png<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"Archivo:Viceroyalty<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          Viceroyalty of the New Spain 1800 (without Philippines).png<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"Archivo:Viceroyalty<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          New Spain<\/strong>, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain<\/strong> (Spanish<\/a>: Virreinato de Nueva Espa\u00f1a<\/em>, Spanish pronunciation: <\/small>[birej\u02c8nato \u00f0e \u02c8nwe\u03b2a es\u02c8pa\u0272a]<\/a><\/a>i<\/a><\/sup>), or Kingdom of New Spain<\/strong>, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire<\/a>, established by Habsburg Spain<\/a> during the Spanish conquest of the Americas<\/a> and having its capital in Mexico City<\/a>. Its jurisdiction comprised a large area of the southern and western portions of North America, mainly what is now Mexico and the Southwestern United States<\/a>, but also California and Florida; Central America, the Caribbean, and northern parts of South America; several Pacific Ocean archipelagos, most notably the Philippines and Guam<\/a>; and numerous Asian port cities including Nagasaki<\/a> and Spanish Formosa<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Early History of the San Francisco Fire Department https:\/\/sfmuseum.org\/hist1\/fire.html It was not until December 24, 1849, however, that this fear was realized. The following account of this is found in the \u201cAnnals of San Francisco\u201d: \u201cThis morning about six o\u2019clock, the awful cry of fire was raised in the city, and in a few hours property than a million dollars was totally destroyed. \u201cThe fire began in Dennison\u2019s Exchange, about the middle of the eastern side of the Plaza, and, spreading both ways, consumed nearly all that side of the square, and the whole line of buildings on the south side of Washington street between Montgomery and Kearny streets. \u201cThis was the first of the great fires which devastated San Francisco, and it was to be speedily followed by still more extensive and disastrous occurrences of a similar character. Scarcely were the ashes cold when preparations were made to erect new buildings on the old sites, and within a few weeks the place was covered as densely as before with houses of every kind.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          San Francisco Chroniclewww.sfchronicle.com<\/a> When San Francisco burned down \u2014 six times in a year and a half<\/a> Apr 16, 2021 \u2014 The first of the great fires struck at 5:45 on the morning of Dec. 24, 1849. It started on the east side of Portsmouth Square at a gambling …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Great Fires:<\/em><\/strong> December 24, 1849 https:\/\/guardiansofthecity.org\/sffd\/fires\/great_fires\/dec_24_1849.html#:~:text=On%20December%2024%2C%201849%20at,Kearny%20Street%20opposite%20Portsmouth%20Square.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          On December 24, 1849<\/strong> at 6:00 AM, San Francisco’s first great fire ignited in Dennison’s Exchange, one of The City’s richest gambling houses on Kearny Street opposite Portsmouth Square.  Rising flames quickly destroyed Dennison’s and the south side of Washington Street between Kearny and Montgomery before the fearful blaze was halted by blowing-up and pulling down buildings at the inferno’s edge.  The newly-minted Gold Rush city was gone in a few short hours.  The next day, the volunteer fire department was established with The San Francisco<\/a>, The Empire<\/a>, and The Protection <\/a>companies.  In less than a month of days, San Franciscans rebuilt their city.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Credits:
          Barbary Coast Press, Rick Covell
          Copy by Katherine York and Tim Keefe
          Illustrations by David McMacken
          San Francisco Vintage Firehouse Poster is on sale at the           San Francisco Fire Museum Gift Shop<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c2 \u039b\u03b9. \u03a8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af. Palter, Dissemble https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/wordplay\/7-words-for-lying There are more than 20 towns in America called Moscow. Why is that? The World in Words March 10, 2016 \u00b7 3:15 PM EST … Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n