{"id":8993,"date":"2023-09-10T20:41:52","date_gmt":"2023-09-11T01:41:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=8993"},"modified":"2023-09-10T20:41:53","modified_gmt":"2023-09-11T01:41:53","slug":"ancient-tecnology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/10\/ancient-tecnology\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancient tecnology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A mercury-arc valve<\/strong> or mercury-vapor rectifier<\/strong> or (UK) mercury-arc rectifier<\/strong>[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup> is a type of electrical rectifier<\/a> used for converting high-voltage<\/a> or high-current<\/a> alternating current<\/a> (AC) into direct current<\/a> (DC). It is a type of cold cathode<\/a> gas-filled tube<\/a>, but is unusual in that the cathode, instead of being solid, is made from a pool of liquid mercury<\/a> and is therefore self-restoring. As a result mercury-arc valves, when used as intended, are far more robust and durable and can carry much higher currents than most other types of gas discharge tube. Some examples have been in continuous service, rectifying 50 ampere<\/a> currents for decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. Electrical Year Book 1937<\/em>, Emmott and Company, Manchester, England, pp 180-185<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. ^<\/a><\/strong> Rissik, H., Mercury-Arc Current Converters, Pitman. 1941.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/a>
    Mercury rectifier on display in the Berom\u00fcnster AM transmitter<\/a> in Switzerland<\/a>, before being decommissioned. Three-phase full-wave rectifier with six anodes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Un ignitr\u00f3n<\/strong> es un tipo de rectificador<\/a> controlado que data de la d\u00e9cada de 1930. Fue inventado por Joseph Slepian<\/a> mientras trabajaba para Westinghouse<\/a>, Westinghouse fue el fabricante original y posee los derechos de la marca “Ignitron”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    (1) \u00c1nodo, (2) C\u00e1todo, (3) Ignitor, (4) Mercurio, (5) Aislante cer\u00e1mico, (6) Fluido refrigerante.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Suele presentarse como un contenedor alargado con una piscina de mercurio en el fondo que act\u00faa como c\u00e1todo. Un cilindro de grafito o metal, sujeto sobre la piscina por una conexi\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica aislada, act\u00faa como \u00e1nodo. A un electrodo de encendido (llamado “ignitor”), hecho de un material semiconductor refractario como el carburo de silicio se le aplica un breve pulso de mucha intensidad para crear una nube de plasma<\/a> de mercurio conductor. El plasma llena r\u00e1pidamente el espacio entre la piscina de mercurio y el \u00e1nodo, permitiendo la conducci\u00f3n de electricidad entre los electrodos. En la superficie del mercurio, el calentamiento por el arco<\/a> resultante libera un gran n\u00famero de electrones lo que ayuda a mantener el arco el\u00e9ctrico en el mercurio. La superficie del mercurio sirve por lo tanto de c\u00e1todo, y la corriente el\u00e9ctrica es normalmente en un solo sentido. Una vez encendido, un ignitr\u00f3n seguir\u00e1 conduciendo hasta que la corriente se interrumpa externamente o el voltaje entre c\u00e1todo y \u00e1nodo cambie de sentido.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [1]<\/sup> L.W. Turner,(ed), Electronics Engineer’s Reference Book<\/em>, 4th ed. Newnes-Butterworth, London 1976 ISBN 0 408 00168 pages 7-181 through 7-189<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Rectificador de Mercurio utilizado en British Rail,Inglaterra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    El fanotr\u00f3n<\/strong> o phanotr\u00f3n<\/strong> es una v\u00e1lvula<\/a> gaseosa<\/a> de dos electrodos<\/a> constituida por un recipiente<\/a> de vidrio<\/a> o de acero<\/a> que contiene c\u00e1todo<\/a> termoi\u00f3nico<\/a> y \u00e1nodo<\/a> de grafito<\/a> confinados en un gas a baja presi\u00f3n<\/a> o en vapor<\/a> de mercurio<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    Russian Gazotron GG1-2 \/ 5 (\u0413\u04131-2 \/ 5)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Funcionalmente, el fanotr\u00f3n<\/em> es una v\u00e1lvula termoi\u00f3nica<\/a> parecida a un diodo de vac\u00edo que est\u00e1 llena de gas. Se utiliza para la rectificaci\u00f3n de corriente alterna de gran intensidad, lo que en un dispositivo de vac\u00edo es muy dif\u00edcil debido al n\u00famero limitado de electrones que puede producir un c\u00e1todo<\/a> termoi\u00f3nico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genghis Khan<\/strong> (born Tem\u00fcjin<\/strong>; c. 1162 \u2013 25 August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan<\/strong>,[a]<\/a><\/sup> was the founder and first khagan<\/a> of the Mongol Empire<\/a>, which later became the largest contiguous land empire<\/a> in history. Having spent the majority of his life uniting the Mongol tribes<\/a>, he launched a series of military campaigns<\/a> that conquered large parts of China<\/a> and Central Asia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [a]<\/sup> See \u00a7 Name and title<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Timur<\/strong>[b]<\/a><\/sup> or Tamerlane<\/strong>[c]<\/a><\/sup> (8 April 1336[7]<\/a><\/sup> \u2013 17\u201319 February 1405) was a Turco-Mongol<\/a> conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire<\/a> in and around modern-day Afghanistan<\/a>, Iran<\/a>, and Central Asia<\/a>, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [b]<\/sup>\/t\u026a\u02c8m\u028a\u0259r\/<\/a>; Chagatay<\/a>: \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 Tem\u00fcr<\/em>, lit. ‘Iron’
     \u2022 Sometimes spelled Taimur<\/strong> or Temur<\/strong>.
     \u2022 Historically best known as Amir Timur<\/strong> or as Sahib-i-Qiran<\/strong><\/em> (lit. ‘Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction’), his     epithet<\/a>.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5]<\/sup> \u02bbIn\u0101yat Kh\u0101n, Mu\u1e25ammad \u1e6c\u0101hir \u0100\u0161n\u0101 \u02bfIn\u0101yat \u1e2a\u0101n (1990). The Shah Jahan Nama of ‘Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777<\/em>. Oxford University Press. pp. 11\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [c]<\/sup>\/\u02c8t\u00e6m\u0259rle\u026an\/<\/a>; Persian<\/a>: \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u06af Tem\u016br(-i) Lang<\/em>; Chagatay: \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0631 Aqsaq Tem\u00fcr<\/em>,[6]<\/a><\/sup> lit. ‘Timur the Lame’<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6]<\/sup> Johanson, Lars (1998). The Turkic Languages<\/em>. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN<\/a>0415082005<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [7]<\/sup> Manz, Beatrice F. “T\u012bm\u016br Lang”. In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition<\/em><\/a>. “The birthdate commonly ascribed to T\u012bm\u016br, 25 S\u0332h\u0332a\u02bfb\u0101n 736\/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S\u0332h\u0332\u0101h Ruk\u0332h\u0332 [q.v.], the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last Il-K\u0332h\u0332\u0101n<\/q>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Batu Khan<\/strong> (c.\u20091205 \u2013 1255)[note 1]<\/a><\/sup> was a Mongol<\/a> ruler and founder of the Golden Horde<\/a>, a constituent of the Mongol Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [note 1]<\/sup>\/\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0tu\u02d0 \u02c8k\u0251\u02d0n\/<\/a>; Mongolian<\/a>: \u0411\u0430\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0430\u043d, Bat haan<\/em>, Tatar<\/a>: \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043d; Chinese<\/a>: \u62d4\u90fd\u6c57; pinyin<\/a>: B\u00e1d\u016b H\u00e1n<\/em>; Russian<\/a>: \u0445\u0430\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0301\u0439<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The term Moor<\/strong> is an exonym<\/a> first used by Christian Europeans<\/a> to designate the Muslim<\/a> populations of the Maghreb<\/a>, al-Andalus<\/a> (Iberian Peninsula<\/a>), Sicily<\/a> and Malta<\/a> during the Middle Ages<\/a>.[1]<\/a><\/sup> Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defined<\/a> people.[2]<\/a><\/sup> The 1911 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em> observed that the term had “no real ethnological<\/a> value.”[3]<\/a><\/sup> Europeans of the Middle Ages<\/a> and the early modern period<\/a> variously applied the name to Arabs<\/a>, Berbers<\/a>, and Muslim Europeans<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    1. “The Moors: Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia”<\/a>, Brill.com<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. ^<\/a><\/strong> Ross Brann, “The Moors?”<\/a>, Andalusia<\/em>, New York University. Quote: “Andalusi Arabic sources, as opposed to later Mud\u00e9jar<\/a> and Morisco<\/a> sources in Aljamiado and medieval Spanish texts, neither refer to individuals as Moors nor recognize any such group, community or culture.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. ^<\/a><\/strong> Chisholm, Hugh<\/a>, ed. (1911). “Moors” <\/a>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 812.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. ^<\/a><\/strong> Blackmore, Josiah<\/a> (2009). Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa<\/em><\/a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. xvi, 18. ISBN<\/a> 978-0-8166-4832-0<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Blackamoor<\/strong> is a type of figure\/visual trope in European decorative art<\/a>, typically found in works from the Early Modern period<\/a>, depicting a man of sub-Saharan<\/a> African descent, usually in clothing that suggests high status. Common examples of items and objects decorated in the blackamoor style include sculpture, jewellery, and furniture. Typically the sculpted figures carried something, such as candles or a tray. They were thus an exotic and lightweight variant for the “atlas” in architecture and decorative arts<\/a>, especially popular in the Rococo<\/a> period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Star Forts Around the World – Google My Maps. The most comprehensive map of the world’s star forts. Contains 1,734<\/strong> star forts and related star-like polygonal forts across 105 nations and territories. The most comprehensive map of the world’s star forts.Jul 13, 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/viewer?mid=16we-kJiughWh79KFYUoymhfN2bE&hl=en_US#:~:text=Star%20Forts%20Around%20the%20World%20%2D%20Google%20My%20Maps&text=The%20most%20comprehensive%20map%20of,across%20105%20nations%20and%20territories.&text=The%20most%20comprehensive%20map%20of%20the%20world’s%20star%20forts.,-Contains%201%2C734%20star<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      A bastion fort<\/strong> or trace italienne<\/strong><\/em> (a phrase derived from non-standard French, literally meaning ‘Italian outline’) is a fortification<\/a> in a style that evolved during the early modern period<\/a> of gunpowder<\/a> when the cannon<\/a> came to dominate the battlefield<\/a>. It was first seen in the mid-fifteenth century in Italy<\/a>. Some types, especially when combined with ravelins<\/a> and other outworks, resembled the related star fort<\/strong> of the same era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n