{"id":9097,"date":"2023-09-11T13:53:32","date_gmt":"2023-09-11T18:53:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=9097"},"modified":"2023-09-11T13:53:34","modified_gmt":"2023-09-11T18:53:34","slug":"construction-and-destruction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/11\/construction-and-destruction\/","title":{"rendered":"Construction and destruction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ Destruction of [so called] Tartary Buildings Across the USA Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Freemasonic Structures<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Great London Exhibition (1851), Paris Exposition Universelle of 1855 &amp; 1889, 1897 Brussels International Exposition, Melbourne International Exhibition (1880), National Exposition of Brazil, Rio de  Janeiro (1908), Russian Industrial &amp; Art Exhibition Novgorod, Russia (1896)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Many Many USA Expositions and Exhibitions from 1838 -1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1893 Chicago\u2019s World Columbian Exposition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women\u2019s Public Art &amp; Architecture<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Incubators <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To increase awareness of the benefits these<br>units provided, infant incubators containing premature babies were displayed at the 1897, 1898,<br>1901, and 1904 World Fairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Incredible Light Shows of Electricity with Edison &amp; Tesla<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">St. Louis World\u2019s Fair 1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Coney Island Amusement Parks, Pacific Northwest Amusement Parks<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Construction and Destruction of the Chicago World\u2019s Fair 1893<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 The Pan Pacific Exhibition in San Francisco, California in 1915~<br>Open for 9 months ..Then Destroyed Directly Thereafter<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Children for sale<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Insane insane Asylums<br>of the 19th Century<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bethlem Royal Hospital Britain, England 1676<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ipswich Hospital, Australia for the<br>Insane 1878<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">USA Insane Asylums of the 19th Century<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bloomingdale Insane Asylum 1821<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kirkbride Insane Asylums (1844)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sonoma Developmental Center 1891<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agnews Developmental Center<\/strong>&nbsp;was a psychiatric and medical care facility, located in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Clara,_California\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Santa Clara, California<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 1889 Agnews State Hospital now Santa Clara University Jesuit School Santa Clara, CA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Search our database of deaths and assaults at California psychiatric facilities By&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/people\/soumya-karlamangla\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">SOUMYA KARLAMANGLA<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/irisslee\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">IRIS LEE<\/a> UPDATED JUNE 8, 2021 https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/projects\/psychiatric-hospital-deaths-incidents-database\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Napa state hospital grounds host a burial site for thousands<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Destruction of Churches<br>Continues To this Day<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The One World Tartarians The Greatest Civilization Ever to Be Erased From History. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ counsils writings<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early Church Fathers &#8211; Additional Texts Edited by Roger Pearse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Las Cruzadas: Cap\u00edtulo 3\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MMMHmDnoQlI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">READ about christians writtings that were treated as heresy like the ones by nestorius and arius (\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Council of Ephesus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Church of the East<\/strong>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_Syriac_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Classical Syriac<\/a>:&nbsp;\u0725\u0715\u072c\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0715\u0722\u071a\u0710,&nbsp;<small>romanized:&nbsp;<\/small><em>\u02bf\u0112\u1e0ft\u0101 d-Ma\u1e0fen\u1e25\u0101<\/em>) or the&nbsp;<strong>East Syriac Church<\/strong>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20033,4-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;also called the&nbsp;<strong>Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon<\/strong>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-Orientalia_Christiana_Analecta_1971_p.-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;the&nbsp;<strong>Persian Church<\/strong>, the&nbsp;<strong>Assyrian Church<\/strong>, the&nbsp;<strong>Babylonian Church<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-Paul_Pallath_1996_p.-15\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199497-107-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;or the&nbsp;<strong>Nestorian Church<\/strong>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-contentious-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[note 3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;was an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Christian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eastern Christian<\/a>&nbsp;church of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Syriac_Rite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">East Syriac Rite<\/a>, based in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesopotamia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mesopotamia<\/a>. It was one of three major branches of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Christianity\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eastern Christianity<\/a>&nbsp;that arose from the Christological controversies of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_the_5th_century\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">5th<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_the_6th_century\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">6th<\/a>&nbsp;centuries, alongside the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Oriental Orthodox Churches<\/a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chalcedonian_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Chalcedonian Church<\/a>&nbsp;(whose Eastern branch would later become the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Orthodox_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eastern Orthodox Church<\/a>). During the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_modern_period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">early modern period<\/a>, a series of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schism#Christianity\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">schisms<\/a>&nbsp;gave rise to rival&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patriarchate\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">patriarchates<\/a>, sometimes two, sometimes three.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-123-21\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Since the latter half of the 20th century, three churches in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Iraq<\/a>&nbsp;claim the heritage of the Church of the East. Meanwhile, the East Syriac churches in India claim the heritage of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East_in_India\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Church of the East in India<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20032-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wilken, Robert Louis (2013).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&amp;pg=PA222\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Syriac-Speaking Christians: The Church of the East&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity<\/em>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Haven,_Connecticut\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">New Haven<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">London<\/a>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yale_University_Press\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Yale University Press<\/a>. pp.&nbsp;222\u2013228.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-300-11884-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1<\/bdi><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">JSTOR<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt32bd7m.28\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">j.ctt32bd7m.28<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LCCN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">LCCN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lccn.loc.gov\/2012021755\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2012021755<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">S2CID<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:160590164\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">160590164<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Theo_of_CoE_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Theo_of_CoE_2-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Theo_of_CoE_2-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Theo_of_CoE_2-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sebastian_Brock\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Brock, Sebastian P<\/a>; Coakley, James F.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gedsh.bethmardutho.org\/entry\/Church-of-the-East\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Church of the East&#8221;<\/a>. e-GEDSH:Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Retrieved&nbsp;27 June&nbsp;2022.&nbsp;<q>The Church of the East follows the strictly dyophysite (&#8216;two-nature&#8217;) christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia, as a result of which it was misleadingly labelled as &#8216;Nestorian&#8217; by its theological opponents.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Michael Philip Penn; Scott Fitzgerald Johnson; Christine Shepardson; Charles M. Stang, eds. (22 February 2022).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OJlSEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA409\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Invitation to Syriac Christianity: An Anthology<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(22-Feb-2022&nbsp;ed.). Univ of California Press. p.&nbsp;409.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780520299191\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9780520299191<\/bdi><\/a>.&nbsp;<q>DYOPHYSITE Broadly, a Christological viewpoint that holds that Christ has two natures, one human and one divine. The East Syrian Church subscribed to a type of dyophysitism attributed to Nestorius and held in attenuated ways by both Greek and Syriac theologians. In the end, this association led the church to be labeled, erroneously, as Nestorian. This view held that Christ has both two natures and two persons. A moderated form of dyophysitism, according to which Christ has two natures and one person, was adopted by Chalcedonian Christians. EAST SYRIAN Dyophysite Syriac Church that has historically been centered in Persia, with missionary activity in Greater Iran, Arabia, Central Asia, China, and India. The East Syrian Church developed into the modern Church of the East. Polemical writings and older scholarship sometimes called the East Syrian Church &#8220;Nestorian,&#8221; but this is now recognized as pejorative.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20032_5-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20032_5-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baum &amp; Winkler 2003<\/a>, p.&nbsp;2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart192815_6-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFStewart1928\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Stewart 1928<\/a>, p.&nbsp;15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Vine, Aubrey R. (1937).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/MN41565ucmf_1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Nestorian Churches<\/em><\/a>. London: Independent Press. p.&nbsp;104.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287-289_8-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287-289_8-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFMeyendorff1989\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Meyendorff 1989<\/a>, p.&nbsp;287-289.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Broadhead, Edwin K. (2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=C97_rPZRbuUC\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Jewish Ways of Following Jesus: Redrawing the Religious Map of Antiquity<\/em><\/a>. T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck. p.&nbsp;123.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9783161503047\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9783161503047<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock20068_10-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBrock2006\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Brock 2006<\/a>, p.&nbsp;8.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock200611_11-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBrock2006\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Brock 2006<\/a>, p.&nbsp;11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2012477%E2%80%939_12-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFLange2012\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lange 2012<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;477\u20139.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201513_13-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFPayne2015\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Payne 2015<\/a>, p.&nbsp;13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Paul_Pallath_1996_p._15-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Paul_Pallath_1996_p._15-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Paul, J.; Pallath, P. (1996).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=PzQvAAAAYAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church in India<\/em><\/a>. Mar Thoma Yogam publications. Centre for Indian Christian Archaeological Research. p.&nbsp;5. Retrieved&nbsp;2022-06-17.&nbsp;<q>Authors are using different names to designate the same Church&nbsp;: the Church of Seleucia &#8211; Ctesiphon, the Church of the East, the Babylonian Church , the Assyrian Church, or the Persian Church.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20033,4_16-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baum &amp; Winkler 2003<\/a>, p.&nbsp;3,4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-Orientalia_Christiana_Analecta_1971_p._17-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=v8dDAAAAIAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Orientalia Christiana Analecta<\/em><\/a>. Pont. institutum studiorum orientalium. 1971. p.&nbsp;2. Retrieved&nbsp;2022-06-17.&nbsp;<q>The Church of Seleucia &#8211; Ctesiphon was called the East Syrian Church or the Church of the East .<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiey199497-107_18-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFFiey1994\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Fiey 1994<\/a>, p.&nbsp;97-107.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_19-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_19-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_19-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baum &amp; Winkler 2003<\/a>, p.&nbsp;4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-123_21-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_East#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baum &amp; Winkler 2003<\/a>, p.&nbsp;112-123.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-17.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-17.webp 220w, https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-17-191x300.webp 191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 92vw, (max-width: 1023px) 48vw, 220px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Saint_Elijah%27s_Monastery_1.JPG\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a>Ruins of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monastery_of_Saint_Elijah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Monastery of Mar Eliya<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosul\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mosul<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Iraq<\/a>\u00a0in 2005. It was\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">destroyed<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISIS<\/a>\u00a0in 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\u00a0<strong>Armenian Apostolic Church<\/strong>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian<\/a>:\u00a0\u0540\u0561\u0575 \u0531\u057c\u0561\u0584\u0565\u056c\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0535\u056f\u0565\u0572\u0565\u0581\u056b,\u00a0<small><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Armenian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">romanized<\/a>:\u00a0<\/small><em>Hay A\u1e59ak&#8217;elakan Yekeghetsi<\/em>)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[note 1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0is the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">national church<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_people\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian people<\/a>. Part of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriental_Orthodoxy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Oriental Orthodoxy<\/a>, it is one of the most ancient\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christian<\/a>\u00a0institutions.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kingdom of Armenia<\/a>\u00a0was the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion under the rule of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">King Tiridates III<\/a>, of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Arsacid dynasty<\/a>\u00a0in the early 4th century.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0According to tradition, the church originated in the missions of Apostles\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartholomew_the_Apostle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bartholomew<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thaddeus_of_Edessa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Thaddeus of Edessa<\/a>\u00a0in the 1st century. St.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gregory the Illuminator<\/a>\u00a0was the first official\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Primate_(bishop)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">primate<\/a>\u00a0of the church. It is sometimes referred to as the\u00a0<strong>Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>Armenian Church<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>Armenian Gregorian Church<\/strong>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Officially&nbsp;\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0565\u0561\u0575\u0581 \u0531\u057c\u0561\u0584\u0565\u056c\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u054d\u0578\u0582\u0580\u0562 \u0535\u056f\u0565\u0572\u0565\u0581\u056b,&nbsp;<em>Hayastaniayts A\u1e59ak\u0315elakan Surb Yekeghetsi<\/em><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oikoumene.org\/en\/member-churches\/armenian-apostolic-church-mother-see-of-holy-etchmiadzin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian Apostolic Church (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin)<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oikoumene.org\/en\/member-churches\/armenian-apostolic-church-holy-see-of-cilicia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia)<\/a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Council_of_Churches\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">World Council of Churches<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razmik_Panossian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Panossian, Razmik<\/a>&nbsp;(2006).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/armeniansfromkin00razm\/page\/43\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars<\/em><\/a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/armeniansfromkin00razm\/page\/43\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">43\u201344<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780231139267\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9780231139267<\/bdi><\/a>.&nbsp;<q>The Armenian Apostolic Church formally became autocephalous &#8211; i.e. independent of external authority &#8211; in 554 by severing its links with the patriarchate of Constantinople.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.armenianchurch.org\/index.jsp?sid=1&amp;id=16769&amp;pid=1&amp;lng=en\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Catholicos of All Armenians&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>armenianchurch.org<\/em>. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-register.am\/en\/companies\/215169\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;&#8221;\u0540\u0531\u0545\u0531\u054d\u054f\u0531\u0546\u0545\u0531\u0545\u0551 \u0531\u054c\u0531\u0554\u0535\u053c\u0531\u053f\u0531\u0546 \u054d\u0548\u0552\u0550\u0532 \u0535\u053f\u0535\u0542\u0535\u0551\u053b&#8221; \u053f\u053f &#8211; HAYASTANYAYC ARAQELAKAN SURB YEKEGHECI RO&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>e-register.am<\/em>. Electronic Register. Government of the Republic of Armenia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Augusti, Johann Christian Wilhelm; Rheinwald, Georg Friedrich Heinrich; Siegel, Carl Christian Friedrich.&nbsp;<em>The Antiquities of the Christian Church<\/em>. p.&nbsp;466.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Scott, Michael (2016-11-01).&nbsp;<em>Ancient Worlds: A Global History of Antiquity<\/em>. Basic Books.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-465-09473-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0-465-09473-8<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Grousset, Ren\u00e9 (1984) [1947].&nbsp;<em>Histoire de l&#8217;Arm\u00e9nie<\/em>&nbsp;(in French). Payot. p.&nbsp;122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garso\u00efan (<em>op.cit.<\/em>&nbsp;p.&nbsp;82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.armenian-church.eu\/en\/history\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;HISTORY&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>\u0540\u0531\u0545 \u0531\u054c\u0531\u0554\u0535\u053c\u0531\u053f\u0531\u0546 \u0535\u053f\u0535\u0542\u0535\u0551\u0548\u0552 \u0531\u0580\u0587\u0574\u057f\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u0535\u057e\u0580\u0578\u057a\u0561\u0575\u056b \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0580\u0561\u057a\u0565\u057f\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u054a\u0561\u057f\u057e\u056b\u0580\u0561\u056f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;2023-01-30.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/armenianprelacy.org\/education\/church-history\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;History of the Armenian Church&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Armenian Prelacy<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;2023-01-30.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oikoumene.org\/member-churches\/armenian-apostolic-church-holy-see-of-cilicia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia)&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>World Council of Churches<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02023-01-30.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Armenian Apostolic Church believes in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostolic_succession\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">apostolic succession<\/a>&nbsp;through the apostles&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartholomew_the_Apostle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bartholomew<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jude_the_Apostle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Thaddeus (Jude)<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Gilman-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Jacob-13\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Issaverdenz-14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;According to tradition, the latter of the two apostles is said to have cured&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abgar_V\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Abgar V<\/a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osroene\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Edessa<\/a>&nbsp;of leprosy with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image_of_Edessa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Image of Edessa<\/a>, leading to his conversion in 30 AD. Thaddaeus was then commissioned by Abgar to proselytize throughout Armenia, where he converted King&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanatruk\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sanatruk<\/a>&#8216;s daughter, who was eventually&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martyr\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">martyred<\/a>&nbsp;alongside Thaddeus when Sanatruk later fell into&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostasy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">apostasy<\/a>. After this, Bartholomew came to Armenia, bringing a portrait of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Virgin Mary<\/a>, which he placed in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nun\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">nunnery<\/a>&nbsp;he founded over a former temple of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anahit\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Anahit<\/a>. Bartholomew then converted the sister of Sanatruk, who once again martyred a female relative and the apostle who converted her. Both apostles ordained native bishops before their execution, and some other Armenians had been ordained outside of Armenia by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James,_brother_of_Jesus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">James the Just, brother of Jesus<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Jacob-13\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Issaverdenz-14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Scholars including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bart_Ehrman\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bart Ehrman<\/a>, Hendrik &#8220;Han&#8221; J. W. (H.J.W. Or Han J.W.) Drijvers, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Bauer\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Walter Bauer<\/a>&nbsp;dismiss the conversion of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abgar_V\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Abgar V<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-15\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;as fiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eusebius\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eusebius<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tertullian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tertullian<\/a>, Armenian Christians were persecuted by kings&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axidares_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Axidares<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khosrov_I_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Khosrov I<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tiridates III<\/a>, the last of whom was converted to Christianity by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gregory the Illuminator<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Gilman-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ancient Armenia&#8217;s<\/a>&nbsp;adoption of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christianity<\/a>&nbsp;as a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_religion\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">state religion<\/a>&nbsp;(the first state to do so) has been referred to by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nina Garso\u00efan<\/a>&nbsp;as &#8220;probably the most crucial step in its history.&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Garso%C3%AFan-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This conversion distinguished it from its&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Iran\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Iranian<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoroastrianism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mazdean<\/a>&nbsp;roots and protected it from further&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parthian_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Parthian<\/a>&nbsp;influence.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Gilman-12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-Garso%C3%AFan-16\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;According to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Boyce\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mary Boyce<\/a>, the acceptance of Christianity by the Arsacid-Armenian rulers was partly in defiance of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sassanids\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sassanids<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When King Tiridates III made Christianity the state religion of Armenia between 300 and 301, it was not an entirely new religion there. It had penetrated the country from at least the third century, and may have been present even earlier.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-maarten-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tiridates declared Gregory to be the first&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholicos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholicos<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;of the Armenian Apostolic Church and sent him to Caesarea to be consecrated. Upon his return, Gregory tore down shrines to idols, built churches and monasteries, and ordained many&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Priest\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">priests<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bishop\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bishops<\/a>. While meditating in the old capital city of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vagharshapat\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vagharshapat<\/a>, Gregory had a vision of Christ descending to the earth and striking it with a hammer. From that spot arose a great Christian temple with a huge cross. He was convinced that God intended him to build the main Armenian church there. With the king&#8217;s help he did so in accordance with his vision, renaming the city&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etchmiadzin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Etchmiadzin<\/a>, which means &#8220;the place of the descent of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogen%C4%93s\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Only-Begotten<\/a>&#8220;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initially, the Armenian Apostolic Church participated in the larger Christian world and was subordinated to the Bishop of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kayseri\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Caesarea<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDo%C4%8Dkal1940b186-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Its Catholicos was represented at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Council_of_Nicea\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">First Council of Nicea<\/a>&nbsp;(325).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Vrtanes_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">St. Vrtanes I<\/a>&nbsp;the third&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholicos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholicos<\/a>&nbsp;of the Armenian Apostolic Church through (333\u2013341 AD), sent a letter with specific questions to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macarius_of_Jerusalem\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Macarius of Jerusalem<\/a>&nbsp;who was the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Jerusalem\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek Orthodox Bishop of Jerusalem<\/a>&nbsp;from (312-335, or 336 AD) sent to Jerusalem by a delegation of Armenian priests on the occasion of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encaenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Encaenia<\/a>, in dedication of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Church of the Holy Sepulcher<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerusalem<\/a>&nbsp;in September 335 AD. In Macarius&#8217;s letter to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenians\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenians<\/a>&nbsp;in 335 AD, it seeks to correct irregularities in the initiation rites of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baptism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baptism<\/a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eucharist\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eucharist<\/a>&nbsp;currently in use in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian Church<\/a>&nbsp;by articulating present practices in Jerusalem. In so doing, it reveals the divergent forms being practiced in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenia<\/a>, which have strong echoes of old&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Syriac_Rite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">East Syriac Rite<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthopraxy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Orthopraxy<\/a>&nbsp;was conceived by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vrtanes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vrtanes<\/a>&nbsp;and his Armenian colleagues in terms of liturgical performance in Jerusalem. In 353, King&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pap_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Papas (Pap)<\/a>&nbsp;appointed Catholicos&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Husik_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Husik<\/a>&nbsp;without first sending him to Caesarea for commissioning.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-21\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Its Catholicos was still represented at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Council_of_Constantinople\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">First Council of Constantinople<\/a>&nbsp;(381).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Gregory was consecrated by the bishop of Caesarea, he also accepted the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine_Rite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Byzantine Rite<\/a>. However, the Armenian Church, due to the influence of the Church in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edessa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Edessa<\/a>, the large presence of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assyrian_people\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriacs<\/a>&nbsp;in Armenia, as well as the number of Syriac priests that arrived in Armenia with Gregory, also cultivated the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Syriac_Rite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">West Syriac Rite<\/a>&nbsp;(Antiochian Rite). Since Armenians at the time did not have an alphabet, its clergy learned&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriac<\/a>. From this synthesis, the new&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Rite\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian Rite<\/a>&nbsp;came about, which had similarities both with the Byzantine and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antioch\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Antiochian<\/a>&nbsp;Syriac rite.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDo%C4%8Dkal1940b186%E2%80%93187-22\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christianity was strengthened in Armenia in the 5th century by the translation of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bible\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bible<\/a>&nbsp;into the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian language<\/a>&nbsp;by the native&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theologian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">theologian<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monk\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">monk<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scholarly_method\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">scholar<\/a>, Saint&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesrop_Mashtots\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mesrop Mashtots<\/a>. Before the 5th century, Armenians had a spoken language, but no script. Thus, the Bible and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liturgy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Liturgy<\/a>&nbsp;were written in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>&nbsp;or Syriac scripts until&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_of_Armenia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholicos Sahak Part&#8217;ew<\/a>&nbsp;commissioned Mesrop to create the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_alphabet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian alphabet<\/a>, which he completed&nbsp;c.\u2009405&nbsp;AD. Subsequently, the Bible and Liturgy were translated into Armenian and written in the new script. The translation of the Bible, along with works of history,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literature\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">literature<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">philosophy<\/a>, caused a flowering of Armenian literature and a broader cultural renaissance.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-23\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although unable to attend the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Council_of_Ephesus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Council of Ephesus<\/a>\u00a0(431), Catholicos Isaac Parthiev sent a message agreeing with its decisions.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_note-24\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0However, non doctrinal elements in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_Chalcedon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Council of Chalcedon<\/a>\u00a0(451) caused certain problems to arise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gilman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (2013-01-11).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Christians in Asia before 1500<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781136109782\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9781136109782<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved&nbsp;5 March&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Jacob_13-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Jacob_13-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Jacob, P. H. (1895).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/briefhistoricals00jaco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>A Brief Historical Sketch of the Holy Apostolic Church of Armenia<\/em><\/a>. H. Liddell. Retrieved&nbsp;5 March&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Issaverdenz_14-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Issaverdenz_14-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Issaverdenz, Jacques (1877).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=UuvefaWK948C\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Armenian Church<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved&nbsp;5 March&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-15\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Ehrman: Forgery and Counterforgery, pp455-458<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Garso%C3%AFan_16-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-Garso%C3%AFan_16-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;&#8220;The Ar\u0161akuni Dynasty (A.D. 12-[180?]-428)&#8221; by Nina Garso\u00efan, in&nbsp;<em>Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times<\/em>, ed. R.G. Hovannisian, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, Volume 1, p.81.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Mary Boyce.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&amp;dq=armenians+zoroastrianism+christianity&amp;pg=PA84\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;Psychology Press, 2001&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0415239028\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0415239028<\/a>&nbsp;p 84<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-maarten_18-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Theo Maarten van Lint (2009). &#8220;The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millenium&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>Church History and Religious Culture<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>89<\/strong>&nbsp;(1\/3): 269.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-19\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;See Drasxanakertci,&nbsp;<em>History of Armenia<\/em>, 78ff; Atiya,&nbsp;<em>History of Eastern Christianity<\/em>, 316ff; Narbey,&nbsp;<em>A Catechism of Christian Instruction According to the Doctrine of the Armenian Church<\/em>, 88ff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDo%C4%8Dkal1940b186_20-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#CITEREFDo%C4%8Dkal1940b\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Do\u010dkal 1940b<\/a>, p.&nbsp;186.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-21\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Drasxanakertci,&nbsp;<em>History of Armenia<\/em>, 86\u201387.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDo%C4%8Dkal1940b186%E2%80%93187_22-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#CITEREFDo%C4%8Dkal1940b\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Do\u010dkal 1940b<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;186\u2013187.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-23\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Atiya,&nbsp;<em>History of Eastern Christianity<\/em>, 424-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#cite_ref-24\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Narbey,\u00a0<em>A Catechism of Christian Instruction According to the Doctrine of the Armenian Church<\/em>, 86\u201387.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Armenian Apostolic Church uses a version of the Bible based on the Greek translation (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Septuagint<\/a>) of the Hebrew Old Testament, which was produced in the court of King\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ptolemy II Philadelphus<\/a>\u00a0(283-246 BC) of Egypt, and includes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocanonical_books\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Deuterocanonical books<\/a>\u00a0that are not part of the present Hebrew and Protestant canons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\u00a0<strong>Armenian genocide<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_genocide#cite_note-names-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0was the systematic destruction of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian people and identity<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0during\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">World War\u00a0I<\/a>. Spearheaded by the ruling\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Committee of Union and Progress<\/a>\u00a0(CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_march\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">death marches<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_Desert\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syrian Desert<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_conversion\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">forced Islamization<\/a>\u00a0of others, primarily women and children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[a]<\/sup>\u00a0Also known by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">other names<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Gregory the Illuminator<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_Armenian_orthography\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Classical<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian<\/a>:\u00a0\u0533\u0580\u056b\u0563\u0578\u0580 \u053c\u0578\u0582\u057d\u0561\u0582\u0578\u0580\u056b\u0579,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_orthography_reform\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">reformed spelling<\/a>: \u0533\u0580\u056b\u0563\u0578\u0580 \u053c\u0578\u0582\u057d\u0561\u057e\u0578\u0580\u056b\u0579,\u00a0<em>Grigor Lusavorich<\/em>;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[b]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0c.\u2009257\u00a0\u2013\u00a0c.\u2009328) was the founder and first official\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">head<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenian_Apostolic_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Armenian Apostolic Church<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[c]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He is less commonly known as&nbsp;<strong>Gregory the Enlightener<\/strong>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Outside Armenia, he is often known as&nbsp;<strong>Gregory of Armenia<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>Gregory the Armenian<\/strong>. In Armenian, he is sometimes referred to as&nbsp;<strong>Gregory the Parthian<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0533\u0580\u056b\u0563\u0578\u0580 \u054a\u0561\u0580\u0569\u0565\u0582,&nbsp;<em>Grigor Part\u2019ev<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Armenian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Western Armenian<\/a>:&nbsp;<em>Krikor Lusavorich<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The Armenian Apostolic Church, as its name suggests, traces its founding to the apostles\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jude_the_Apostle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Thaddeus<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartholomew_the_Apostle\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bartholomew<\/a>, who are said to have preached Christianity in Armenia in the first century.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970155-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#CITEREFDer_Nersessian1966\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Der Nersessian 1966<\/a>, p.&nbsp;390.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198445_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#CITEREFAyvazyan1984\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ayvazyan 1984<\/a>, p.&nbsp;45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220830075745\/https:\/\/armenianchurch.us\/the-saints\/st-gregory-the-enlightener\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;St. Gregory the Enlightener&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>armenianchurch.us<\/em>. Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/armenianchurch.us\/the-saints\/st-gregory-the-enlightener\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 30 August 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Schaff\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Schaff, Philip<\/a>&nbsp;(1867).&nbsp;<em>From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, A.D. 311-600, Volume III<\/em>. New York:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Charles Scribner and Company<\/a>. p.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7BNOAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Gregory+the+Enlightener&amp;pg=PA779\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">779<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970155_7-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_the_Illuminator#CITEREFLang1970\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lang 1970<\/a>, p.\u00a0155.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Was catholic Church influenced and manipulated by the government? If so it does not happen with catholics only but with protestants and any other church too<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Collyridianism<\/strong>\u00a0(or\u00a0<strong>Kollyridianism<\/strong>) was an alleged\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Christian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Early Christian<\/a>\u00a0movement in Arabia whose adherents apparently worshipped the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virgin_Mary\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Virgin Mary<\/a>, mother of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jesus<\/a>, as a goddess.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_note-Block13-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The existence of the sect is subject to some dispute by scholars, as the only contemporary source to describe it is the\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panarion\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Panarion<\/a><\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epiphanius_of_Salamis\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Epiphanius of Salamis<\/a>, published in approximately 376 AD.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_note-Block13-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Block, Corrie (2013-10-08).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NRtGAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Collyridianism&amp;pg=PA186\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Qur&#8217;an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations<\/em><\/a>. Routledge. p.&nbsp;186.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781135014056\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9781135014056<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Angelika Neuwirth: Qur&#8217;\u0101nic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collyridianism#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/abstract\/title\/21620\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III.\u00a0<em>De Fide<\/em>&#8220;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies<\/em>\u00a0(Second, revised\u00a0ed.).\u00a0<strong>79<\/strong>. 2012-12-03 \u2013 via Brill.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\u00a0<strong>Assumption of Mary<\/strong>\u00a0is one of the four\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Mariology#Dogmatic_teachings\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church<\/a>. Pope\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pius_XII\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pius XII<\/a>\u00a0defined it on 1 November 1950 in his\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostolic_constitution\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">apostolic constitution<\/a>\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Munificentissimus_Deus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Munificentissimus Deus<\/a><\/em>\u00a0as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/content\/pius-xii\/en\/apost_constitutions\/documents\/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The declaration was built upon the 1854 dogma of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Immaculate Conception of Mary<\/a>, which declared that Mary was conceived free from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Original_sin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">original sin<\/a>, and both have their foundation in the concept of Mary as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mother_of_God\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mother of God<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr2001746-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0It leaves open the question of whether Mary died or whether she was raised to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eternal_life_(Christianity)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">eternal life<\/a>\u00a0without bodily death.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinge201253-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/armenianchurch.us\/the-mother-of-god\/assumption-of-the-holy-mother-of-god\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Feast of the Assumption of the Holy Mother-of-God&#8221;<\/a>. The Armenian Church.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210816102810\/https:\/\/armenianchurch.us\/the-mother-of-god\/assumption-of-the-holy-mother-of-god\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archived<\/a>&nbsp;from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved&nbsp;23 August&nbsp;2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr2001746_2-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#CITEREFKerr2001\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kerr 2001<\/a>, p.&nbsp;746.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinge201253_3-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#CITEREFCollinge2012\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Collinge 2012<\/a>, p.&nbsp;53.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assumption_of_Mary#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecatholictelegraph.com\/marys-assumption\/82083\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Maury&#8217;s Assumption&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Catholic_Telegraph\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The Catholic Telegraph<\/a><\/em>. 8 August 2022.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La&nbsp;<strong>Inmaculada Concepci\u00f3n de Mar\u00eda<\/strong>, conocida tambi\u00e9n como la&nbsp;<strong>Pur\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n<\/strong>, es un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dogmas_de_la_Iglesia_Cat%C3%B3lica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">dogma<\/a>&nbsp;de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Iglesia cat\u00f3lica<\/a>&nbsp;proclamado en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1854<\/a>&nbsp;que sostiene que la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mar%C3%ADa_(madre_de_Jes%C3%BAs)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Virgen Mar\u00eda<\/a>&nbsp;estuvo libre del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pecado_original\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pecado original<\/a>&nbsp;desde el primer momento de su concepci\u00f3n por los m\u00e9ritos de su hijo&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jesucristo<\/a>, recogiendo de esta manera el sentir de dos mil a\u00f1os de tradici\u00f3n cristiana al respecto. Se celebra el 8 de diciembre, nueve meses antes de la celebraci\u00f3n de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nacimiento_de_la_Virgen\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Natividad de la Virgen<\/a>&nbsp;el 8 de septiembre.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La definici\u00f3n del dogma, contenida en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bula\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bula<\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ineffabilis_Deus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ineffabilis Deus<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8_de_diciembre\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">8 de diciembre<\/a>&nbsp;de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1854<\/a>, promulgada por el papa&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%ADo_IX\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">P\u00edo IX<\/a>, dice lo siguiente:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[&#8230;] Para honra de la Sant\u00edsima Trinidad, para la alegr\u00eda de la Iglesia cat\u00f3lica, con la autoridad de nuestro Se\u00f1or Jesucristo, con la de los Santos Ap\u00f3stoles Pedro y Pablo y con la nuestra: declaramos, afirmamos y definimos que ha sido revelada por Dios, y de consiguiente, qu\u00e9 debe ser cre\u00edda firme y constantemente por todos los fieles, la doctrina que sostiene que la sant\u00edsima Virgen Mar\u00eda fue preservada inmune de toda mancha de culpa original, en el primer instante de su concepci\u00f3n, por singular gracia y privilegio de Dios omnipotente, en atenci\u00f3n a los m\u00e9ritos de Jesucristo, salvador del g\u00e9nero humano. Por lo cual, si alguno tuviere la temeridad, lo cual Dios no permita, de dudar en su coraz\u00f3n lo que por Nos ha sido definido, sepa y entienda que su propio juicio lo condena, que su fe ha naufragado y que ha ca\u00eddo de la unidad de la Iglesia y que si adem\u00e1s osaren manifestar de palabra o por escrito o de otra cualquiera manera externa lo que sintieren en su coraz\u00f3n, por lo mismo quedan sujetos a las penas establecidas por el derecho<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bula&nbsp;<em>Ineffabilis Deus<\/em>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/elcomercio.pe\/respuestas\/dia-de-la-inmaculada-concepcion-que-significa-esta-fecha-y-por-que-se-celebra-cada-8-de-diciembre-efemerides-hoy-feriado-tdex-revtli-noticia\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00abD\u00eda de la Inmaculada Concepci\u00f3n: Qu\u00e9 significa esta fecha y por qu\u00e9 se celebra cada 8 de diciembre\u00bb<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>El Comercio Per\u00fa<\/em>. 8 de diciembre de 2022. Consultado el 8 de diciembre de 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cde 8 de diciembre de 1854 &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%ADo_IX\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">P\u00edo IX<\/a>&nbsp;PP.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REVIEW<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Church Fathers Who Denied the Immaculate Conception<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recently I had the privilege of participating in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Bq1z44GVBcA\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">a discussion with some Catholic brothers<\/a>&nbsp;over at the Reason and Theology channel on our respective views of the virgin Mary. Thank you, Michael, Erik, and William for having me! For anyone interested, we are talking again on February 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I thought it might be useful to compile some of the quotes I referenced that I regard as countervailing data among the church fathers with respect to the third Marian dogma, the immaculate conception of Mary. That way those following the debate can look them up for themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I know there is disagreement on whether Origen and Tertullian are actually church fathers. I think it is difficult to sustain that Origen, in particular, was not a church father, but whatever view on takes on this, it is really irrelevant. Both were significant Christian voices whose views are reflective of broader beliefs throughout the early church. We are after&nbsp;<em>historical evidence<\/em>&nbsp;of what the early Christians actually believed\u2014say, in the 2nd century, or early 3rd century. (Hence the&nbsp;<em>Protoevangelium of James<\/em>&nbsp;comes up in discussion of the perpetual virginity of Mary, despite the fact that it is an apocryphal text officially condemned by Pope Innocent I in 405). Origen and Tertullian are relevant to this historical question, however we classify them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Origen<\/strong>, commenting on Luke 2:35, and specifically Simeon\u2019s statement that a sword will pierce Mary\u2019s heart:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhat ought we to think? That while the apostles were scandalized, the Mother of the Lord was immune from scandal? If she had experienced scandal during the Lord\u2019s Passion, Jesus did not die for her sins. But if all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, but are justified by his grace and redeemed,\u201d then Mary too was scandalized by this moment. This is what Simeon is prophesying about\u2026. Your soul will be pierced by the sword of unbelief and will be wounded by the sword point of doubt\u201d (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=sUCQS0X1BLMC&amp;q=scandal#v=snippet&amp;q=scandal&amp;f=false\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><em>Homilies on Luke<\/em><\/a>, 17.6-7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;<strong>Tertullian<\/strong>&nbsp;references certain flaws of Mary in his discussion of the unbelief of Jesus\u2019 family (\u201cnot even his brothers believed in him\u201d [John 7:5]) and Jesus\u2019 question in Matthew 12:48: \u201c<q>What are mother and brothers to me?<\/q>\u201d He affirms, over and against Apelles and Marcion, Jesus\u2019 genuine nativity, but has no hesitation in including Mary along with his brothers as unbelieving and the object of his rebukes: \u201cwhen denying one\u2019s parents in indignation, one does not deny their existence, but censures their faults.\u201d Evidently Tertullian is not aware that this is a controversial opinion. He even goes so far as to see Mary as a symbol of the unbelieving synagogue that rejected Christ: \u201cin the abjured mother there is a figure of the synagogue, as well as of the Jews in the unbelieving brethren\u201d (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/fathers\/0315.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">On the Flesh of Christ<\/a>, chapter 7.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Like Origen,&nbsp;<strong>Basil<\/strong>&nbsp;interpreted the sword of Luke 2:35 as the sword of doubt, linking Mary with the disciples in receiving healing and confirmation in faith after Jesus\u2019 resurrection:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSimeon therefore prophesies about Mary herself, that when standing by the cross, and beholding what is being done, and hearing the voices, after the witness of Gabriel, after her secret knowledge of the divine conception, after the great exhibition of miracles, she shall feel about her soul a mighty tempest. The Lord was bound to taste of death for every man\u2014to become a propitiation for the world and to justify all men by His own blood. Even you yourself, who hast been taught from on high the things concerning the Lord, shall be reached by some doubt. This is the sword. \u201cThat the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed.\u201d He indicates that after the offense at the Cross of Christ a certain swift healing shall come from the Lord to the disciples and to Mary herself, confirming their heart in faith in Him. In the same way we saw Peter, after he had been offended, holding more firmly to his faith in Christ\u201d (Basil,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/fathers\/3202260.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><em>Letter&nbsp;<\/em>260.9<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The earlier context makes it clear that this is not a blameless doubt, for Basil is linking Mary with the other disciples in their \u201crising and falling\u201d in doubt at the offense of the cross, which Basil interprets as the \u201csign\u201d of which Simeon speaks (see&nbsp;<em>Letter&nbsp;<\/em>260.6-9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. There are numerous passages in&nbsp;<strong>John Chrysostom<\/strong>&nbsp;where he indicates a moral fault in Mary. His comments on Mary\u2019s vainglory in John 2, and Jesus\u2019 rebuke to her, are well-known. Also relevant is his comment on Matthew 12:46-49, where John portrays Mary with a vainglorious desire to have power over her son:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAnd this He said, not as being ashamed of His mother, nor denying her that bare Him; for if He had been ashamed of her, He would not have passed through that womb; but as declaring that she has no advantage from this, unless she do all that is required to be done.&nbsp;<strong>For in fact that which she had essayed to do, was of superfluous vanity; in that she wanted to show the people that she has power and authority over her Son<\/strong>, imagining not as yet anything great concerning Him; whence also her unseasonable approach\u201d (<em>Homilies in Matthew<\/em>,&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/fathers\/200144.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Homily 44.3<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John proceeds to compare this occasion to Jesus\u2019 rebuke of Mary in John 2, describing the effect of Jesus\u2019 words to his mother as intended to \u201cheal her vainglory.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;<strong>Hilary of Poitiers<\/strong>, once again on Luke 2:35, interprets Simeon\u2019s words as a judgment upon Mary: \u201cif this virgin, made capable of conceiving God, will encounter the severity of this judgment, who will dare to escape?\u201d (<em>Tractatus in Ps<\/em>. 118).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are other examples we could give (just this morning I discovered a strong statement by&nbsp;<strong>Fulgentius of Ruspe&nbsp;<\/strong>as late as the 6th century that Mary was \u201c<strong>conceived in iniquity in accordance with human practice<\/strong>\u201d [Epistula 17.13]). And even among theologians who affirm Mary\u2019s sinlessness, many do not affirm the immaculate conception.&nbsp;<strong>Augustine&nbsp;<\/strong>would fall into this camp (e.g., he speaks of Mary being \u201cderived from the propagation of sin\u201d in&nbsp;<em>Genesi Ad Litteram<\/em>&nbsp;10.18.32).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps what is most striking about these various statements is the lack of controversy they provoked. If belief in Mary\u2019s immaculate conception was common in the early church, why did no one rise up censure Origen or Basil or John? This, combined with the absence of clear support for the immaculate conception in the first or second century (it possibly begins in the third, but is still very scant then), suggests that this dogma is an accretion, rather than a development of the apostolic deposit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">https:\/\/gavinortlund.com\/2020\/12\/18\/church-fathers-who-denied-the-immaculate-conception\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Origen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe Book [the&nbsp;<em>Protoevangelium<\/em>] of James [records] that the brethren of Jesus were sons of Joseph by a former wife, whom he married before Mary. Now those who say so wish to preserve the honor of Mary in virginity to the end, so that body of hers which was appointed to minister to the Word . . . might not know intercourse with a man after the Holy Spirit came into her and the power from on high overshadowed her. And I think it in harmony with reason that Jesus was the first fruit among men of the purity which consists in [perpetual] chastity, and Mary was among women. For it were not pious to ascribe to any other than to her the first fruit of virginity\u201d (<em>Commentary on Matthew&nbsp;<\/em>2:17 [A.D. 248]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hilary of Poitiers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIf they [the brethren of the Lord] had been Mary\u2019s sons and not those taken from Joseph\u2019s former marriage, she would never have been given over in the moment of the passion [crucifixion] to the apostle John as his mother, the Lord saying to each, \u2018Woman, behold your son,\u2019 and to John, \u2018Behold your mother\u2019 [John 19:26\u201327), as he bequeathed filial love to a disciple as a consolation to the one desolate\u201d (<em>Commentary on Matthew<\/em>\u00a01:4 [A.D. 354]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.catholic.com\/tract\/mary-ever-virgin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.catholic.com\/tract\/mary-ever-virgin<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>READ Destruction of [so called] Tartary Buildings Across the USA Inc. 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