{"id":9324,"date":"2023-09-14T18:51:23","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T23:51:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=9324"},"modified":"2023-09-14T23:16:46","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T04:16:46","slug":"septuagint-and-masoretic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/14\/septuagint-and-masoretic\/","title":{"rendered":"Septuagint and masoretic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para su formaci\u00f3n, la mayor\u00eda de los escritos sagrados jud\u00edos debieron ser vertidos de versiones arameas y hebreas al&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Griego_antiguo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">griego<\/a>. Su traducci\u00f3n inici\u00f3 en el siglo&nbsp;iii&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. (c. 280&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.), y concluy\u00f3 hacia finales del siglo&nbsp;ii&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. (c.&nbsp;100 a. C.). Inicialmente fue traducida la&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tor%C3%A1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tor\u00e1<\/a><\/em>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-Cousin-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b&nbsp;<em>Libro de la Ley<\/em>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentateuco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pentateuco<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;y el resto del trabajo se complet\u00f3 paulatinamente, en los dos o tres siglos siguientes. El fil\u00f3sofo jud\u00edo&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arist%C3%B3bulo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Arist\u00f3bulo<\/a>, quien vivi\u00f3 en&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandr%C3%ADa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alejandr\u00eda<\/a>&nbsp;durante el reinado de Fara\u00f3n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolomeo_VI\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ptolomeo&nbsp;VI Filometor<\/a>&nbsp;(145&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.), confirma el dato acerca de la Tor\u00e1, al referirse a ella en una carta al rey en los siguientes t\u00e9rminos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>[\u2026] la completa traducci\u00f3n de todos los Libros de la Ley (el Pentateuco), en los tiempos del rey Filadelfo, ancestro vuestro [\u2026]<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[2]<\/sup>&nbsp;Cousin Hugues (1992)&nbsp;<em>La Biblia Griega: Los Setenta<\/em>. Estella: Verbo Divino.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aunque no se conoce exactamente la fecha y el lugar de estas traducciones, los estudiosos proponen que una escuela de traductores se ocup\u00f3 de verter el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Salmos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de los Salmos<\/a>&nbsp;de David, en Alejandr\u00eda, hacia el a\u00f1o 185&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. M\u00e1s tarde tradujeron los Libros de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ezequiel_(profeta)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ezequiel<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerem%C3%ADas_(profeta)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerem\u00edas<\/a>, as\u00ed como el&nbsp;<em>Dodecaprofet\u00f3n<\/em>, o Libro de los XII Profetas [Menores]. M\u00e1s tarde tradujeron los escritos hist\u00f3ricos: (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Josu%C3%A9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Josu\u00e9<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Jueces\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jueces<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Reyes_(Antiguo_Testamento)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Reyes<\/a>), y, luego, finalmente, el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Isa%C3%ADas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de Isa\u00edas<\/a>. El&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Daniel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de Daniel<\/a>&nbsp;fue traducido alrededor del a\u00f1o 150&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. Los Libros de los&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macabeos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Macabeos<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_la_Sabidur%C3%ADa_de_Salom%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sabidur\u00eda<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_la_Sabidur%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_ben_Sira\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Eclesi\u00e1stico<\/a>, fueron incorporados en el curso de los siglos&nbsp;ii &#8211; i&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanto la tradici\u00f3n jud\u00eda como la cristiana atribuyen el libro a la pluma de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerem%C3%ADas_(profeta)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerem\u00edas<\/a>, apoyando sus afirmaciones en el hecho de que el contenido de los poemas corresponden a la \u00e9poca en que vivi\u00f3 el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Profeta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">profeta<\/a>. En la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Septuaginta<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_las_Lamentaciones#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b y en la versi\u00f3n de Torres Amat se relata que fue este profeta quien pronunci\u00f3 esas palabras al contemplar a Jerusal\u00e9n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devastaci%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">devastada<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cDespu\u00e9s que Israel fue llevado cautivo y qued\u00f3 Jerusal\u00e9n desierta, estaba sentado el profeta Jerem\u00edas llorando, y endech\u00f3 sobre Jerusal\u00e9n con la siguiente lamentaci\u00f3n, y suspirando con amargura de \u00e1nimo y dando alaridos, dijo:\u201d<\/em><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_las_Lamentaciones#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lamentaciones (pre\u00e1mbulo),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">LXX<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_las_Lamentaciones#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Lamentaciones (introducci\u00f3n), Biblia de Jos\u00e9 Petisco y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F%C3%A9lix_Torres_Amat\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">F\u00e9lix Torres Amat<\/a>. Nota: Aunque esta traducci\u00f3n de la biblia fue realizada a partir de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vulgata\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vulgata<\/a>&nbsp;el texto en cuesti\u00f3n fue evidentemente tomado de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Septuaginta<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los escritos y textos hebreos y arameos, que sirvieron de base para la formaci\u00f3n de muchos elementos de la Biblia Septuaginta, carec\u00edan de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gramema\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">gramemas<\/a>&nbsp;dotados de valores fon\u00e9ticos vocales, capitalizaci\u00f3n (alternancia may\u00fasculas\/min\u00fasculas), signos de puntuaci\u00f3n y acentuaci\u00f3n, algunos ciertos tipos de conectores l\u00f3gicos, y algunas conjunciones, art\u00edculos, prefijos y sufijos adverbiales y\/o preposicionales. (M\u00e1s tarde, se agregaron al idioma hebreo algunos signos con valores fon\u00e9ticos voc\u00e1licos, surgiendo as\u00ed el llamado texto masor\u00e9tico). Estos antecedentes podr\u00edan contribuir a explicar algunas diferencias interpretativas entre la Biblia griega de los LXX y el texto hebreo-arameo conocido, y el hecho de que alg\u00fan tiempo despu\u00e9s, en ambientes jud\u00edos, algunos revisores hubieran procedido a tratar de \u201ccorregir\u201d la Biblia alejandrina a fin de asimilarla a este \u00faltimo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta compilaci\u00f3n de textos y de escritos sagrados jud\u00edos en griego o traducidos al griego fue, desde un principio, bastante socorrida para ilustrar la fe de las comunidades jud\u00edas e israelitas de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Di%C3%A1spora\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Di\u00e1spora<\/a>, permitiendo el acceso a los textos sagrados de sus padres y ancestros a las comunidades de israelitas piadosos que no hablaban&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_hebreo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">hebreo<\/a>, ni&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenguas_arameas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">arameo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuscritos_de_la_Septuaginta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">manuscritos<\/a>&nbsp;m\u00e1s antiguos de los LXX conocidos hasta ahora, son fragmentos del siglo&nbsp;ii&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev%C3%ADtico\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lev\u00edtico<\/a>&nbsp;y el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuteronomio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Deuteronomio<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Rahlfs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rahlfs<\/a>, N\u00fams. 801, 819, y 957), y fragmentos del siglo&nbsp;i&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%A9nesis\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">G\u00e9nesis<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89xodo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00c9xodo<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev%C3%ADtico\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lev\u00edtico<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmeros\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">N\u00fameros<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuteronomio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Deuteronomio<\/a>&nbsp;y los profetas menores (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Rahlfs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rahlfs<\/a>, N\u00fams. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, y 943).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumr%C3%A1n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumr\u00e1n<\/a>&nbsp;fueron hallados los&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuscritos_del_Mar_Muerto\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">manuscritos del Mar Muerto<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rollo_(manuscrito)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">rollos<\/a>&nbsp;con fragmentos griegos de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89xodo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00c9xodo<\/a>&nbsp;(7Q1),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev%C3%ADtico\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lev\u00edtico<\/a>&nbsp;(4Q119-120),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmeros\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">N\u00fameros<\/a>&nbsp;(4Q121), y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuteronomio\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Deuteronomio<\/a>&nbsp;(4Q120,122); as\u00ed como porciones de algunos de los libros deuterocan\u00f3nicos: las dos terceras partes de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_la_Sabidur%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_ben_Sira\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sir\u00e1cides<\/a>&nbsp;(Gruta 2), porciones de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Tobit\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tob\u00edas<\/a>&nbsp;(Gruta 4), de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Baruc\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Baruc<\/a>&nbsp;(Gruta 7), de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Jerem%C3%ADas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ep\u00edstola de Jerem\u00edas<\/a>&nbsp;(7Q2), y, muy probablemente, de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susana\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Susana<\/a>&nbsp;(4Q551).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al realizar el trabajo filol\u00f3gico, se observan variaciones, a veces muy importantes, entre los textos encontrados en los diferentes c\u00f3dices de la Septuaginta y entre estos y el texto masor\u00e9tico. Durante muchos siglos, los estudiosos b\u00edblicos pensaron que todas las variantes textuales y estil\u00edsticas entre la Septuaginta y el Tanaj tan solo eran producto de malas traducciones, del desconocimiento cabal del Tanaj, de errores de copistas, o incluso de la falta de inter\u00e9s en la fidelidad al texto hebreo-arameo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sin embargo, cuando a partir de los descubrimientos de Qumr\u00e1n los estudiosos finalmente tuvieron a su alcance los rollos manuscritos del Mar Muerto, pudieron darse cuenta de que las variaciones propias de la Septuaginta se hallaban reflejadas tambi\u00e9n en manuscritos hebreos y arameos bastante m\u00e1s antiguos que las formas actuales del Tanaj jud\u00eda; las cuales se derivan del texto masor\u00e9tico, que data de los siglos&nbsp;iv-viii&nbsp;de la Era Cristiana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una lectura atenta de los C\u00f3dices griegos revela que los textos asentados en la Biblia LXX representan fielmente, con certeza total, textos en un estado \u201cprimitivo\u201d, carente de un estilo pulido y acabado, mucho m\u00e1s primario y primigenio, que el actual texto hebreo-arameo masor\u00e9tico, bastante m\u00e1s pulido y editado en el curso de los siglos posteriores. Y tales diferencias se perciben de un modo sumamente especial en libros que presentan variantes consistentes en el orden de versos, ideas inacabadas o faltas de pulido, presentes en la versi\u00f3n LXX de los Libros de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Samuel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Samuel<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Reyes_(Antiguo_Testamento)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Reyes<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Ester\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ester<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Job\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Job<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proverbios\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Proverbios<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Isa%C3%ADas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Isa\u00edas<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Jerem%C3%ADas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerem\u00edas<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_las_Lamentaciones\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lamentaciones<\/a>, y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Daniel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Daniel<\/a>. El actual texto hebreo-arameo masor\u00e9tico refleja numerosas correcciones en t\u00e9rminos de estilo, que incluyen variaciones en el orden de numerosos versos y pasajes, y redondeo de ideas que no hab\u00edan sido asentadas de forma digerida, correcta o elegante en los antiguos textos hebreos y arameos premasor\u00e9ticos, de donde fue tomada, de forma m\u00e1s temprana, la Biblia Septuaginta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ante las controversias suscitadas en torno de estos hechos, algunos estudiosos se\u00f1alan que, en numerosos casos, en Qumr\u00e1n se han hallado manuscritos hebreos que avalan la versi\u00f3n griega de los LXX, y otros que respaldan al texto masor\u00e9tico. Se ha determinado finalmente, que aquellos manuscritos que avalan la Septuaginta son mucho m\u00e1s antiguos que aquellos que respaldan al texto masor\u00e9tico.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-8\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<sup>[8]<\/sup>&nbsp;THIEDE, Carsten Peter; \u201cThe Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity\u201d; Ac\u00e1pite \u201cA Greek surprise\u201d, pp. 124-130; Lion Publishing, Oxford, 2000;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/9789707772458\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN 978-970-777-245-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hacia el a\u00f1o 70 de la Era Cristiana, un grupo de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rabino\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">rabinos<\/a>&nbsp;que hab\u00edan escapado del asedio de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusal%C3%A9n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerusal\u00e9n<\/a>, se reunieron en Yamnia, y fundaron una escuela. Y hacia el 95 de la Era Cristiana, llegaron a un consenso sobre la lista (o&nbsp;<em>canon<\/em>) de los libros hebreos que habr\u00edan de ser parte del Tanaj jud\u00eda, quedando establecido as\u00ed el llamado&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canon_Palestinense\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Canon Palestinense<\/a>&nbsp;para la mayor\u00eda de los jud\u00edos de habla y cultura hebrea, a principios del siglo&nbsp;ii&nbsp;de la Era Cristiana. El Canon Palestinense signific\u00f3 el rechazo de una serie de textos que grupos de maestros jud\u00edos de habla griega hab\u00edan incluido en el llamado&nbsp;<em>Canon Alejandrino<\/em>, o Biblia de los Setenta, en los siglos&nbsp;ii&nbsp;y siglo&nbsp;i&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. El Canon Alejandrino sigue siendo utilizado por la escuela rab\u00ednica de Alejandr\u00eda. Por una tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica que data del siglo&nbsp;xvi, se llama&nbsp;<em>protocan\u00f3nicos<\/em>&nbsp;a todos los escritos com\u00fanmente admitidos en el Tanaj hebreo, y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterocan%C3%B3nicos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">deuterocan\u00f3nicos<\/a>&nbsp;a todos los escritos presentes en la Biblia griega de los LXX, pero no en el Tanaj. La voz \u201cdeuterocan\u00f3nico\u201d significa \u201cdel segundo canon\u201d, en contraposici\u00f3n a la voz \u201cprotocan\u00f3nico\u201d, que significa \u201cdel primer canon\u201d. Sin embargo, hoy se sabe que, en orden cronol\u00f3gico, el Canon Alejandrino fue primero que el Palestinense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hacia fines del siglo&nbsp;i, y principios del siglo&nbsp;ii, el jud\u00edo&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teodoci%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Teodoci\u00f3n<\/a>&nbsp;hizo una revisi\u00f3n de la LXX, tratando en lo posible de hacerla coincidir con los textos hebreo-arameos con ciertas ediciones propias de esa \u00e9poca, los cuales hoy se llaman los \u201cprotomasor\u00e9ticos\u201d \u2014debido a que de ellos se derivan los textos masor\u00e9ticos de siglos subsecuentes\u2014, los cuales ya inclu\u00edan algunas importantes \u201crevisiones\u201d tempranas de grupos de rabinos de esos siglos. Entre 123&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C. y 130&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C.,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquila_de_Sinope\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Aquila de Sinope<\/a>&nbsp;hizo una nueva traducci\u00f3n, siguiendo textos hebreos de manera literal.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%ADmaco\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">S\u00edmaco<\/a>&nbsp;hizo una nueva traducci\u00f3n hacia 170&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C., en la que buscaba mejorar la calidad de la redacci\u00f3n griega.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-Cousin-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Hasta ese momento, todav\u00eda los libros m\u00e1s tarde compilados bajo el t\u00e9rmino \u201cBiblia\u201d sol\u00edan circular por separado. As\u00ed la Septuaginta no es la \u00fanica Biblia griega hecha en la antig\u00fcedad: hubo tambi\u00e9n las versiones de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquila_de_Sinope\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Aquila de Sinope<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%ADmaco_el_ebionita\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">S\u00edmaco el ebionita<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teodoci%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Teodoci\u00f3n<\/a>, a veces llamadas &#8220;hexapl\u00e1ricas&#8221; por ser incluidas en los fragmentos de la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexapla\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hexapla<\/a>&nbsp;de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Or%C3%ADgenes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Or\u00edgenes<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<sup>[2]<\/sup>&nbsp;Cousin Hugues (1992)&nbsp;<em>La Biblia Griega: Los Setenta<\/em>. Estella: Verbo Divino.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=s6bmCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT42\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Invitation to the Septuagint<\/a><\/em>. Baker Publishing Group, 2015. p. 42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En el siglo&nbsp;iii,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Or%C3%ADgenes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Or\u00edgenes<\/a>&nbsp;compuso la&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexapla\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hexapla<\/a><\/em>, en donde compara en forma de columnas seis versiones enteras del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiguo_Testamento\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Antiguo Testamento<\/a>, la quinta de las cuales corresponde a la Septuaginta. A partir de esta, y tras cotejarla con nuevas traducciones, Or\u00edgenes edit\u00f3 una versi\u00f3n completa, en la cual indic\u00f3 las diferencias con el texto masor\u00e9tico hebreo-arameo, llenando los pasajes omitidos de forma primigenia con textos procedentes de la edici\u00f3n tard\u00eda (del siglo&nbsp;ii) del jud\u00edo Teodoci\u00f3n.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-Cousin-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Aunque la&nbsp;<em>Hexapla<\/em>&nbsp;como conjunto se perdi\u00f3, se conservan fragmentos importantes. Otras ediciones de la Septuaginta, han sido atribuidas a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hesiquio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hesiquio de Jerusal\u00e9n<\/a>&nbsp;y a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luciano_de_Antioqu%C3%ADa\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Luciano de Antioqu\u00eda<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-10\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los manuscritos b\u00edblicos extensos m\u00e1s antiguos que incluyen la Versi\u00f3n de los LXX en la parte de sus textos correspondiente al Antiguo Testamento de las Biblias cristianas, son el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Sinaiticus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">C\u00f3dex Sina\u00edticus<\/a>&nbsp;y el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Vaticanus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Vaticanus<\/a>, del siglo&nbsp;iv, y el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Alexandrinus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">C\u00f3dex Alexandrinus<\/a>, de la primera mitad del siglo&nbsp;v. Existen algunas diferencias textuales, de n\u00famero y de orden de los libros, entre estos tres C\u00f3dices: El&nbsp;<em>C\u00f3dex Sina\u00edticus<\/em>&nbsp;omite algunos textos, a\u00fan protocan\u00f3nicos, e incluye&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_I_de_los_Macabeos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">I<\/a>&nbsp;y IV Macabeos. El&nbsp;<em>C\u00f3dex Vaticanus<\/em>&nbsp;omite los cuatro Libros de los Macabeos, e incluye algunas partes y pasajes propios del texto griego conocido del&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_Enoc\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de Enoc<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u200b Y el&nbsp;<em>C\u00f3dex Alexandrinus<\/em>&nbsp;incluye los cuatro&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libros_de_los_Macabeos\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libros de los Macabeos<\/a>, el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_las_Odas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de las Odas<\/a>&nbsp;y el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libro_de_los_Salmos_de_Salom%C3%B3n\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Libro de los Salmos de Salom\u00f3n<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_note-Cousin-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dines, Jennifer (2004)&nbsp;<em>The Septuagint<\/em>, Michael A. Knibb, Ed., London: T&amp;T Clark.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuaginta#cite_ref-11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u2191<\/a>&nbsp;Gr. 1809. Ver:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federico_Corriente\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Federico Corriente<\/a>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_Pi%C3%B1ero\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Antonio Pi\u00f1ero<\/a>&nbsp;(1984) &#8220;Libro 1 de Henoc. Introducci\u00f3n&#8221;; Ap\u00f3crifos del Antiguo Testamento IV: 34. Madrid: Ediciones Cristiandad.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Greek book of Esther, included in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Septuagint<\/a>, is a retelling of the events of the Hebrew Book of Esther rather than a translation and records&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">additional traditions<\/a>&nbsp;which do not appear in the traditional Hebrew version, in particular the identification of Ahasuerus with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Artaxerxes<\/a>&nbsp;and details of various letters. It is dated around the late 2nd to early 1st century BCE.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#cite_note-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#cite_note-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The Coptic and Ethiopic versions of Esther are translations of the Greek rather than the Hebrew Esther.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&amp;pg=PA428\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible<\/em><\/a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.&nbsp;428.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0802824004\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0802824004<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Esther#cite_ref-18\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;George Lyons,&nbsp;<em>Additions to Esther<\/em>, Wesley Center for Applied Theology, 2000<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deuterocanonicals<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fragments of deuterocanonical books in Hebrew are among the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>&nbsp;found at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumran\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumran<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sirach\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sirach<\/a>, whose text in Hebrew was already known from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Geniza\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cairo Geniza<\/a>, has been found in two scrolls (2QSir or 2Q18, 11QPs_a or 11Q5) in Hebrew. Another Hebrew scroll of Sirach has been found in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masada\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Masada<\/a>&nbsp;(MasSir).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Abegg-52\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[50]<\/a>:\u200a597<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[50]<\/sup>&nbsp;Abegg, Martin; Flint, Peter; Ulrich, Eugene (1999).&nbsp;<em>The Dead Sea Scroll Bible<\/em>. HarperOne.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0060600648\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0060600648<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Book of Daniel is preserved in the 12-chapter&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masoretic_Text\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Masoretic Text<\/a>&nbsp;and in two longer Greek versions, the original Septuagint version,&nbsp;c.\u2009100&nbsp;BCE, and the later&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodotion\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Theodotion<\/a>&nbsp;version from&nbsp;c.\u20092nd century CE. Both Greek texts contain three&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Additions_to_Daniel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">additions to Daniel<\/a>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children<\/a>; the story of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Susannah and the Elders<\/a>; and the story of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bel_and_the_Dragon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bel and the Dragon<\/a>. Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119%E2%80%93120-54\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[52]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200289-55\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[53]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-56\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#CITEREFHarrington1999\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Harrington 1999<\/a>, pp.&nbsp;119\u2013120.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer200289_55-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#CITEREFSpencer2002\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Spencer 2002<\/a>, p.&nbsp;89.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_56-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#CITEREFCollins1984\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Collins 1984<\/a>, p.&nbsp;28.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern scholarship holds that the Septuagint was written from the 3rd through the 1st centuries BCE, but nearly all attempts at dating specific books (except for the Pentateuch, early- to mid-3rd century BCE) are tentative.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Dines2004-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dines, Jennifer M. (2004).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_A._Knibb\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Knibb, Michael A.<\/a>&nbsp;(ed.).&nbsp;<em>The Septuagint<\/em>. Understanding the Bible and Its World (1st&nbsp;ed.). London: T&amp;T Clark.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0567084647\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0567084647<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The oldest manuscripts of the Septuagint include 2nd-century-BCE fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957) and 1st-century-BCE fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twelve_Minor_Prophets\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Twelve Minor Prophets<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Rahlfs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alfred Rahlfs<\/a>&nbsp;nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Biblical manuscripts found in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qumran\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Qumran<\/a>, commonly known as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>&nbsp;(DSS), have prompted comparisons of the texts associated with the Hebrew Bible (including the Septuagint).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-BAS-83\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emanuel_Tov\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Emanuel Tov<\/a>, editor of the translated scrolls,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Elderen-84\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;identifies five broad variants of DSS texts:<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Tov2001-85\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[77]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Flint2002-86\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Proto-Masoretic: A stable text and numerous, distinct agreements with the Masoretic Text. About 60 per cent of the Biblical scrolls (including 1QIsa-b) are in this category.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre-Septuagint: Manuscripts which have distinctive affinities with the Greek Bible. About five per cent of the Biblical scrolls, they include 4QDeut-q, 4QSam-a, 4QJer-b, and 4QJer-d. In addition to these manuscripts, several others share similarities with the Septuagint but do not fall into this category.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Qumran &#8220;Living Bible&#8221;: Manuscripts which, according to Tov, were copied in accordance with the &#8220;Qumran practice&#8221;: distinctive, long&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthography\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">orthography<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morphology_(linguistics)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">morphology<\/a>, frequent errors and corrections, and a free approach to the text. They make up about 20 per cent of the Biblical corpus, including the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaiah_Scroll\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Isaiah Scroll<\/a>&nbsp;(1QIsa-a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre-Samaritan: DSS manuscripts which reflect the textual form of the Samaritan Pentateuch, although the Samaritan Bible is later and contains information not found in these earlier scrolls, (such as God&#8217;s holy mountain at Shechem, rather than Jerusalem). These manuscripts, characterized by orthographic corrections and harmonizations with parallel texts elsewhere in the Pentateuch, are about five per cent of the Biblical scrolls and include 4QpaleoExod-m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non-aligned: No consistent alignment with any of the other four text types. About 10 per cent of the Biblical scrolls, they include 4QDeut-b, 4QDeut-c, 4QDeut-h, 4QIsa-c, and 4QDan-a.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Tov2001-85\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[77]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Shiffman-87\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[79]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-88\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[i]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The textual sources present a variety of readings; Bastiaan Van Elderen compares three variations of Deuteronomy 32:43, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Song_of_Moses\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Song of Moses<\/a>:<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Elderen-84\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[76]<\/a><\/sup><sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">failed verification<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Deuteronomy 32.43, Masoretic<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Deuteronomy 32.43, Qumran<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Deuteronomy 32.43, Septuagint<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>.<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><strong>1 Shout for joy, O nations, with his people<\/strong><strong>&#8212;&#8212;-<\/strong><strong>2 For he will avenge the blood of his servants<\/strong><strong>3 And will render vengeance to his adversaries<\/strong><strong>&#8212;&#8212;-<\/strong><strong>4 And will purge his land, his people.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1 Shout for joy, O heavens, with him<\/strong><strong>2 And worship him, all you divine ones<\/strong><strong>&#8212;&#8212;-<\/strong><strong>&#8212;&#8212;-<\/strong><strong>3 For he will avenge the blood of his sons<\/strong><strong>4 And he will render vengeance to his adversaries<\/strong><strong>5 And he will recompense the ones hating him<\/strong><strong>6 And he purges the land of his people.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1 Shout for joy, O heavens, with him<\/strong><strong>2 And let all the sons of God worship him<\/strong><strong>3 Shout for joy, O nations, with his people<\/strong><strong>4 And let all the angels of God be strong in him<\/strong><strong>5 Because he avenges the blood of his sons<\/strong><strong>6 And he will avenge and recompense justice to his enemies<\/strong><strong>7 And he will recompense the ones hating<\/strong><strong>8 And the Lord will cleanse the land of his people.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120314095848\/http:\/\/www.bib-arch.org\/e-features\/searching-for-better-text.asp\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Searching for the Better Text \u2013 Biblical Archaeology Society&#8221;<\/a>. Bib-arch.org. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bib-arch.org\/e-features\/searching-for-better-text.asp\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 14 March 2012. Retrieved&nbsp;13 August&nbsp;2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Elderen_84-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Elderen_84-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/sbl-site.org\/Article.aspx?ArticleID=356\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Edwin Yamauchi,&nbsp;<strong>&#8220;Bastiaan Van Elderen, 1924\u2013 2004&#8221;<\/strong>, SBL Forum<\/a>&nbsp;Accessed 26 March 2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Tov2001_85-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Tov2001_85-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Tov, E. 2001. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (2nd ed.) Assen\/Maastricht: Van Gocum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Flint2002_86-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Flint, Peter W. (2002).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/edcoll\/978-9004493339\/B9789004493339_s022.xml?language=en\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls&#8221;<\/a>. In Cook (ed.).&nbsp;<em>The Stellenbosch AIBI-6 Conference. Proceedings of the Association Internationale Bible et Informatique &#8220;From Alpha to Byte&#8221;<\/em>. Brill.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-9004493339\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-9004493339<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Shiffman_87-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Laurence Shiffman,&nbsp;<em>Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>, p. 172<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The translation process of the Septuagint and from the Septuagint into other versions can be divided into several stages: the Greek text was produced within the social environment of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hellenistic_Judaism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hellenistic Judaism<\/a>, and completed by 132 BCE. With the spread of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Christianity\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Early Christianity<\/a>, this Septuagint in turn was rendered into Latin in a variety of versions and the latter, collectively known as the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vetus_Latina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vetus Latina<\/a><\/em>, were also referred to as the Septuagint<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Linde2015-30\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[30]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-ABRL-31\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[31]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Dorival1988-32\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;initially in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Alexandria\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alexandria<\/a>&nbsp;but elsewhere as well.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Jobes2001-17\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karen_Jobes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Karen Jobes<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mois%C3%A9s_Silva\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mois\u00e9s Silva<\/a>&nbsp;(2001).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OysSAQAAIAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Invitation to the Septuagint<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paternoster_Press\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Paternoster Press<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1842270615\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-1842270615<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cornelia Linde,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>How to Correct the Sacra Scriptura? Textual Criticism of the Bible between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century,<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature 2015&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0907570448\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">978-0907570448<\/a>&nbsp;pp.9ff,29ff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-ABRL_31-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC&amp;pg=PA369\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West<\/em>&nbsp;(2004)<\/a>, Anchor Bible Reference Library,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_F._Segal\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alan F. Segal<\/a>, p.363<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Dorival1988_32-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Gilles Dorival, Marguerite Harl, and Olivier Munnich,&nbsp;<em>La Bible grecque des Septante: Du juda\u00efsme hell\u00e9nistique au christianisme ancien<\/em>&nbsp;(Paris: Cerfs, 1988), p.111<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Masoretic Text<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masoretic_Text#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;(<strong>MT<\/strong>&nbsp;or \ud835\udd78;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>:&nbsp;\u05e0\u05bb\u05e1\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7 \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b8\u05bc\u05e1\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4,&nbsp;<small><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Hebrew\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">romanized<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/small><em>N\u016bss\u0101\u1e25 Hamm\u0101s\u014dr\u0101<\/em>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literal_translation\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">lit.<\/a>&nbsp;&#8216;Text of the Tradition&#8217;) is the authoritative&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblical_Hebrew\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblical_Aramaic\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Aramaic<\/a>&nbsp;text of the 24&nbsp;books of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_Bible\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hebrew Bible<\/a>&nbsp;(Tanakh) in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rabbinic_Judaism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rabbinic Judaism<\/a>. The Masoretic Text defines the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jewish canon<\/a>&nbsp;and its precise letter-text, with its&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niqqud\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">vocalization<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_cantillation\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">accentuation<\/a>&nbsp;known as the&nbsp;<em>mas&#8217;sora<\/em>. Referring to the Masoretic Text,&nbsp;<em>masorah<\/em>&nbsp;specifically means the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_diacritics\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">diacritic markings<\/a>&nbsp;of the text of the Hebrew&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scripture\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">scriptures<\/a>&nbsp;and the concise&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Masorah\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">marginal notes<\/a>&nbsp;in manuscripts (and later printings) of the Tanakh which note textual details, usually about the precise spelling of words. It was primarily copied, edited and distributed by a group of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jews\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jews<\/a>&nbsp;known as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masoretes\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Masoretes<\/a>&nbsp;between the 7th and 10th centuries of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_Era\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Common Era<\/a>&nbsp;(CE). The oldest known complete copy, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leningrad_Codex\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Leningrad Codex<\/a>, dates from the early 11th century CE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[a]<\/sup>&nbsp;&#8220;Masoretic&#8221; pronounced&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\/\u02ccm\u00e6s\u0259\u02c8r\u025bt\u026ak\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critics say that Riplinger has misquoted and misused the works of others. S. E. Schnaiter reviewed her book,&nbsp;<em>New Age Bible Versions<\/em>, and said, &#8220;Riplinger appears to be another of those who rush to [the KJV&#8217;s] defense, alarmed by the proliferation of its modern rivals, armed with nothing more than the blunderbuss of ad hominem apologetic, when what is needed is the keenness of incisive evaluation.&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;H. Wayne House argues that&nbsp;<em>New Age Bible Versions<\/em>&nbsp;is &#8220;replete with logical, philosophical, theological, biblical, and technical errors&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_note-House-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A lengthy critical review of her book&nbsp;<em>New Age Bible Versions<\/em>&nbsp;was originally published in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornerstone_(magazine)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cornerstone<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;in 1994, authored by Bob and Gretchen Passantino of Answers In Action, and described the book as &#8220;erroneous, sensationalistic, misrepresentative, inaccurate, and logically indefensible&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_note-answ_Answ-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They concluded by summarizing &#8220;There is hardly a page of this book that is free from error. Riplinger does not know Greek, Hebrew, textual criticism, linguistics, principles of translation, logical argumentation, proper citation and documentation standards, competent English grammar and style, or even consistent spelling. This book would never have done more than use Riplinger&#8217;s savings and fill up her garage if Christian &#8216;celebrities&#8217; such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texe_Marrs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Texe Marrs<\/a>&nbsp;and David Hocking had not promoted it.&#8221;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_note-answ_Answ-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeffrey Straub suggests that Riplinger has &#8220;fallen out of favor among many fundamentalists due to her unusual associations, shrill tone, and dubious background&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>House, H. Wayne (April 6, 2009).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.equip.org\/article\/a-summary-critique-new-age-bible-versions\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;A Summary Critique: New Age Bible Versions&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Research_Institute\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christian Research Institute<\/a>. Retrieved&nbsp;November 18,&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Cloud, David.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wayoflife.org\/database\/newagebibleversions.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The Problem with New Age Bible Versions&#8221;<\/a>. Way of Life Literature. Retrieved&nbsp;November 19,&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Schnaiter, S. E. (1997).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AnQQ1vTfW8MEHWCBUSyAHsM19dSHGE3X\/view\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;New Age Bible Versions&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>2<\/strong>&nbsp;(1): 105\u201325.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_ref-answ_Answ_4-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_ref-answ_Answ_4-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Bob and Gretchen Passantino (1994).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/answers.org\/bookreviews\/newagevers.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;An AIA review of New Age Bible Versions&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Answers In Action<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;December 22,&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gail_Riplinger#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Straub, Jeffrey P. (2011).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sbts-wordpress-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/equip\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Pages-from-SBJT-V15-N4_Straub.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Fundamentalism and the King James Version: How a Venerable English Translation Became a Litmus Test for Orthodoxy&#8221;<\/a>&nbsp;(PDF).&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Baptist_Journal_of_Theology\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Southern Baptist Journal of Theology<\/a><\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>15<\/strong>&nbsp;(4): 52. Retrieved&nbsp;November 19,&nbsp;2015.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to tradition,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ptolemy II Philadelphus<\/a>&nbsp;(the Greek Pharaoh of Egypt) sent seventy-two Hebrew&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sofer\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">translators<\/a>\u2014six from each of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Twelve Tribes of Israel<\/a>\u2014from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jerusalem<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandria\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alexandria<\/a>&nbsp;to translate the&nbsp;<em>Tanakh<\/em>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblical_Hebrew\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Biblical Hebrew<\/a>&nbsp;into&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koine_Greek\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Koine Greek<\/a>, for inclusion in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Alexandria\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">his library<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Dines2004-20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This narrative is found in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudepigrapha\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pseudepigraphic<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letter_of_Aristeas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Letter of Aristeas<\/a>&nbsp;to his brother Philocrates,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Davila1999-21\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and is repeated by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Philo of Alexandria<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josephus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Josephus<\/a>&nbsp;(in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiquities_of_the_Jews\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Antiquities of the Jews<\/a><\/em>),<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Whiston1998-22\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and by later sources (including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustine_of_Hippo\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Augustine of Hippo<\/a>).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Augustine-23\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;It is also found in the Tractate&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megillah_(Talmud)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Megillah<\/a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talmud\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Babylonian Talmud<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">King Ptolemy once gathered 72 Elders. He placed them in 72 chambers, each of them in a separate one, without revealing to them why they were summoned. He entered each one&#8217;s room and said: &#8220;Write for me the Torah of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moses\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Moshe<\/a>, your teacher&#8221;. God put it in the heart of each one to translate identically as all the others did.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_note-Megillah-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megillah_(Talmud)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tractate Megillah 9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Megillah.9a.11\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">(9a)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dines, Jennifer M. (2004).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_A._Knibb\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Knibb, Michael A.<\/a>&nbsp;(ed.).&nbsp;<em>The Septuagint<\/em>. Understanding the Bible and Its World (1st&nbsp;ed.). London: T&amp;T Clark.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0567084647\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>0567084647<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Davila1999_21-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Davila, J (2008).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.st-andrews.ac.uk\/divinity\/rt\/otp\/abstracts\/aristeas\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Aristeas to Philocrates&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Summary of lecture by Davila, February 11, 1999<\/em>. University of St. Andrews, School of Divinity. Retrieved&nbsp;19 June&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Whiston1998_22-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Whiston\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">William Whiston<\/a>&nbsp;(1998).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_4YBAAAACAAJ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>The Complete Works of Josephus<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T._Nelson_Publishers\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">T. Nelson Publishers<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0785214267\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-0785214267<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septuagint#cite_ref-Augustine_23-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Augustine of Hippo,&nbsp;<em>The City of God<\/em>&nbsp;18.42.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Para su formaci\u00f3n, la mayor\u00eda de los escritos sagrados jud\u00edos debieron ser vertidos de versiones arameas y hebreas al&nbsp;griego. Su traducci\u00f3n inici\u00f3 en el siglo&nbsp;iii&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. (c. 280&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.), y concluy\u00f3 hacia finales del &#8230; <a title=\"Septuagint and masoretic\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/14\/septuagint-and-masoretic\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Septuagint and masoretic\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"social-share asbm-share-block\"><strong class=\"asbm-share-title\">Sharing is caring<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fabudinen.com%2Fblog%2F2023%2F09%2F14%2Fseptuagint-and-masoretic%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"asbm-share asbm-share--facebook\" aria-label=\"Compartir en Facebook\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 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