{"id":9363,"date":"2023-09-14T22:36:37","date_gmt":"2023-09-15T03:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=9363"},"modified":"2023-09-14T22:36:38","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T03:36:38","slug":"coniuratio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/14\/coniuratio\/","title":{"rendered":"Coniuratio"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Gran Loggia d&#8217;Italia degli A.L.A.M.<\/strong>&nbsp;(the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acronym\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">acronym<\/a>&nbsp;stands for&nbsp;<strong>Antichi Liberi e Accettati Muratori<\/strong>), known in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">English<\/a>&nbsp;as the&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Lodge\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Grand Lodge<\/a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Italy<\/a>&nbsp;of the A.F.A.M.<\/strong>&nbsp;(the acronym stands for&nbsp;<strong>Ancient Free and Accepted Masons<\/strong>), is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continental_Freemasonry\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Continental Freemasonic<\/a>&nbsp;organization based at Palazzo Vitelleschi, in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rome<\/a>. It was founded in 1910 as a schism from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grande_Oriente_d%27Italia\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Grand Orient of Italy<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;They are a member of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CLIPSAS\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">CLIPSAS<\/a>, the international association of liberal Freemasonic jurisdictions. They were known popularly as the &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piazza_del_Ges%C3%B9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Piazza del Ges\u00f9<\/a>&#8221; Freemasons, due to their former headquarters at the Piazza del Ges\u00f9, 47 in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rome<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.granloggiaditalia.eu\/storia\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Storia&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>www.granloggiaditalia.eu<\/em>&nbsp;(in Italian).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rome<\/a>: Gran Loggia d&#8217;Italia degli A.L.A.M. 2019.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220525170342\/https:\/\/www.granloggiaditalia.eu\/storia\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archived<\/a>&nbsp;from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved&nbsp;19 November&nbsp;2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.masonicworld.com\/education\/files\/nov06\/a_modern_pythagorean.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">A Modern Pythagorean<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Church of the Ges\u00f9<\/strong>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Italian<\/a>:&nbsp;<em>Chiesa del Ges\u00f9<\/em>,&nbsp;<small>pronounced&nbsp;<\/small><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Italian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[\u02c8kj\u025b\u02d0za del d\u0292e\u02c8zu]<\/a>) is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mother_church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">mother church<\/a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Society_of_Jesus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Society of Jesus<\/a>&nbsp;(Jesuits), a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_religious_order\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholic religious order<\/a>. Officially named&nbsp;<em><em>Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Ges\u00f9 all&#8217;Argentina<\/em><\/em><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;(English:&nbsp;Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus at the &#8220;Argentina&#8221;),<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;its facade is &#8220;the first truly&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_architecture\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">baroque<\/a>&nbsp;fa\u00e7ade&#8221;, introducing the baroque style into architecture.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1970108-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The church served as a model for innumerable&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuit\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jesuit<\/a>&nbsp;churches all over the world, especially in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americas\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Americas<\/a>. Its paintings in the nave, crossing, and side chapels became models for Jesuit churches throughout Italy and Europe, as well as those of other orders.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The Church of the Ges\u00f9 is located in the Piazza del Ges\u00f9 in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rome<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Society of Jesus.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090225094031\/http:\/\/www.sancarlino-borromini.it\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Official Website&#8221;<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sancarlino-borromini.it\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 2009-02-25. Retrieved&nbsp;2009-01-23.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Torre Argentina&#8221; or &#8220;Strasbourg Tower&#8221; was a name for this area of Rome (presently the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rioni_of_Rome\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">rione<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigna_(rione_of_Rome)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Pigna<\/a>), surviving in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Largo di Torre Argentina<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teatro_Argentina\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Teatro Argentina<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1970108_4-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1970108_4-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#CITEREFWhitman1970\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Whitman 1970<\/a>, p.&nbsp;108.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gauvin_Alexander_Bailey\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bailey, Gauvin Alexander<\/a>&nbsp;(2003).&nbsp;<em>Between Renaissance and Baroque: Jesuit art in Rome, 1565\u20131610<\/em>. University of Toronto Press.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1442610301\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>1442610301<\/bdi><\/a>.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">page&nbsp;needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>G. \u2013 Grand; sometimes read as Great. It also alludes to God, geometry<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Masonic_abbreviations#cite_note-Duncan77-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;or the Great Architect of the Universe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G.A.O.T.U. \u2013 Grand Architect of the Universe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[3]<\/sup>&nbsp;Malcolm C. Duncan (1866).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/sacred-texts.com\/mas\/dun\/dun03.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Duncan&#8217;s Masonic Ritual and Monitor&#8221;<\/a>. p.&nbsp;77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exclusion of those of Jewish or Muslim ancestry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although in the first 30 years of the existence of the Society of Jesus there were many Jesuits who were&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Converso\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">conversos<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;(Catholic-convert Jews), an anti-<em>converso<\/em>&nbsp;faction led to the&nbsp;<em>Decree de genere<\/em>&nbsp;(1593) which proclaimed that either Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, was an insurmountable impediment for admission to the Society of Jesus.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-177\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[176]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This new rule was contrary to the original wishes of Ignatius who &#8220;said that he would take it as a special grace from our Lord to come from Jewish lineage&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReites198117-178\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[177]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The 16th-century&nbsp;<em>Decree de genere<\/em>&nbsp;was repealed in 1946.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-181\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[b]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rosa, De La; Coello, Alexandre (1932).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141026074808\/http:\/\/cat.inist.fr\/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=24437295\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;El Estatuto de Limpieza de Sangre de la Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Jes\u00fas (1593) y su influencia en el Per\u00fa Colonial&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu<\/em>. Institutum Societatis Iesu: 45\u201393.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0037-8887\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0037-8887<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/cat.inist.fr\/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=24437295\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 26 October 2014. Retrieved&nbsp;7 December&nbsp;2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReites198117_178-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#CITEREFReites1981\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Reites 1981<\/a>, p.&nbsp;17.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jesuit scholar John Padberg states that the restriction on Jewish\/Muslim converts was limited only to the degree of parentage. Fourteen years later this was extended back to the fifth degree. Over time the restriction relating to Muslim ancestry was dropped.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadberg1994204-179\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[178]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1923, the 27th Jesuit General Congregation specified that &#8220;The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race, unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church.&#8221; In 1946, the 29th General Congregation dropped the requirement but still called for &#8220;cautions to be exercised before admitting a candidate about whom there is some doubt as to the character of his hereditary background&#8221;. Robert Aleksander Maryks interprets the 1593&nbsp;<em>&#8220;Decree de genere&#8221;<\/em>&nbsp;as preventing, despite&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ignatius&#8217;<\/a>&nbsp;desires, any Jewish or Muslim&nbsp;<em>conversos<\/em>&nbsp;and, by extension, any person with Jewish or Muslim ancestry,&nbsp;<em>no matter how distant<\/em>, from admission to the Society of Jesus.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryks2010xxviii-180\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[179]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#CITEREFPadberg1994\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Padberg 1994<\/a>, p.&nbsp;204.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryks2010xxviii_180-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#CITEREFMaryks2010\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Maryks 2010<\/a>, p.&nbsp;xxviii.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theological debates<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within the Catholic Church, there has existed a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_See\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Holy See<\/a>, due to questioning of official church teaching and papal directives, such as those on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abortion\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">abortion<\/a>,<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">irrelevant citation<\/a><\/em>]<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-182\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[180]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-183\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[181]<\/a><\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birth_control\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">birth control<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-184\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[182]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-185\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[183]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-186\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[184]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-187\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[185]<\/a><\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Church_doctrine_on_the_ordination_of_women#Deaconesses_and_female_deacons\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">women deacons<\/a>,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-188\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[186]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;homosexuality, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_theology\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">liberation theology<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-189\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[187]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-190\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[188]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;At the same time, Jesuits have been appointed to prominent doctrinal and theological positions in the church; under Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Luis Ladaria Ferrer<\/a>&nbsp;was Secretary of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-191\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[189]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;who is now, under Pope Francis, the Prefect of this Congregation.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-192\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[190]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kavanaugh, John F. (15 December 2008).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110703115852\/https:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=11284\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Abortion Absolutists&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=11284\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 3 July 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-183\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._Dennis_O%27Brien\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">O&#8217;Brien, Dennis<\/a>&nbsp;(30 May 2005).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110612112341\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=4214\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;No to Abortion: Posture, Not Policy&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=4214\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 12 June 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-184\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Rigali, Norbert J. (23 September 2000).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110612112437\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=2282\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Words and Contraception&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/America_(Jesuit_magazine)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">America<\/a><\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=2282\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 12 June 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-185\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_A._McCormick\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">McCormick, Richard A.<\/a>&nbsp;(17 July 1993).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110715024855\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=10960\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;&#8216;Humanae Vitae&#8217; 25 Years Later&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=10960\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 15 July 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-186\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avery_Dulles\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dulles, Avery<\/a>&nbsp;(28 September 1968).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110511113702\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=10722\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Karl Rahner on &#8216;Humanae Vitae'&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=10722\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 11 May 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-187\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_J._Reese\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Reese, Thomas J.<\/a>&nbsp;(31 March 2009).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090403074809\/http:\/\/newsweek.washingtonpost.com\/onfaith\/georgetown\/2009\/03\/pope_condoms_and_aids.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Pope, Condoms and AIDS&#8221;<\/a>. On Faith.&nbsp;<em>The Washington Post<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/newsweek.washingtonpost.com\/onfaith\/georgetown\/2009\/03\/pope_condoms_and_aids.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 3 April 2009. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-188\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Zagano, Phyllis (17 February 2003).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110728021608\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=2778\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Catholic Women Deacons&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/content\/article.cfm?article_id=2778\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 28 July 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-189\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Martin, James (21 November 2008).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110811104038\/http:\/\/americamagazine.org\/blog\/entry.cfm?blog_id=2&amp;id=BF67420F-1321-AEAA-D33BE2D27DC3AB28\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Jesuit General: Liberation Theology &#8220;Courageous&#8221;&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/blog\/entry.cfm?blog_id=2&amp;id=BF67420F-1321-AEAA-D33BE2D27DC3AB28\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 11 August 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-190\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Martin, James (29 August 2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110920151007\/http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/blog\/entry.cfm?blog_id=2&amp;entry_id=3224\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Glenn Beck and Liberation Theology&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>America<\/em>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/blog\/entry.cfm?blog_id=2&amp;entry_id=3224\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 20 September 2011. Retrieved&nbsp;2 August&nbsp;2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-191\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Thavis, John (8 September 2006).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/arquivo.pt\/wayback\/20091005071039\/http:\/\/www.catholicnews.com\/data\/stories\/cns\/0605114.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;&#8216;Sala Stampa&#8217; style change: From toreador to low-key mathematician&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_News_Service\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Catholic News Service<\/a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.catholicnews.com\/data\/stories\/cns\/0605114.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 5 October 2009. Retrieved&nbsp;12 June&nbsp;2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-192\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.romereports.com\/2017\/07\/01\/pope-francis-names-luis-ladaria-as-new-prefect-of-congregation-for-the-doctrine-of-the-faith\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Pope Francis names Luis Ladaria as new prefect of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>www.romereports.com<\/em>. Retrieved&nbsp;11 April&nbsp;2020.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Political intrigue<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Jesuits were temporarily banished from France in 1594 after a man named&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Ch%C3%A2tel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jean Ch\u00e2tel<\/a>&nbsp;tried to assassinate the king of France,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_IV_of_France\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Henri IV<\/a>. Under questioning, Ch\u00e2tel revealed that he had been educated by the Jesuits of the Coll\u00e8ge de Clermont. The Jesuits were accused of inspiring Ch\u00e2tel&#8217;s attack. Two of his former teachers were exiled and a third was hanged.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-172\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[171]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The Coll\u00e8ge de Clermont was closed, and the building was confiscated. The Jesuits were banned from France, although this ban was quickly lifted.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-173\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[172]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In England,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Garnet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Henry Garnet<\/a>, one of the leading English Jesuits, was hanged for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misprision_of_treason\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">misprision of treason<\/a>&nbsp;because of his knowledge of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gunpowder_Plot\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gunpowder Plot<\/a>&nbsp;(1605). The Plot was the attempted assassination of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_VI_and_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">James VI and I<\/a>, his family, and most of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protestantism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Protestant<\/a>&nbsp;aristocracy in a single attack, by exploding the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_Westminster\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Houses of Parliament<\/a>. Another Jesuit,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oswald_Tesimond\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Oswald Tesimond<\/a>, managed to escape arrest for his involvement in this plot.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2005448-174\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[173]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Casuistic justification<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jesuits have been accused of using&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casuistry\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">casuistry<\/a>&nbsp;to obtain justifications for unjustifiable actions (cf.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formulary_controversy\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">formulary controversy<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lettres_Provinciales\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lettres Provinciales<\/a><\/em>, by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blaise_Pascal\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Blaise Pascal<\/a>).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1981190-175\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[174]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Hence, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concise_Oxford_Dictionary\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Concise Oxford Dictionary of the English language<\/a>&nbsp;lists &#8220;equivocating&#8221; as a secondary denotation of the word &#8220;Jesuit&#8221;. Modern critics of the Society of Jesus include&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avro_Manhattan\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Avro Manhattan<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberto_Rivera_(activist)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alberto Rivera<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malachi_Martin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Malachi Martin<\/a>, the latter being the author of&nbsp;<em>The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church<\/em>&nbsp;(1987).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_note-176\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[175]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Voltaire<\/a>&nbsp;(1769),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120205191328\/http:\/\/www.voltaire-integral.com\/Html\/15\/19PARFIN.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;XXXI&#8221;<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Histoire du Parlement de Paris<\/em>, archived from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.voltaire-integral.com\/Html\/15\/19PARFIN.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the original<\/a>&nbsp;on 5 February 2012, retrieved&nbsp;30 November&nbsp;2014,&nbsp;<q>Ch\u00e2tel fut \u00e9cartel\u00e9, le j\u00e9suite Guignard fut pendu; et ce qui est bien \u00e9trange, Jouvency, dans son Histoire des J\u00e9suites, le regarde comme un martyr et le compare \u00e0 J\u00e9sus-Christ. Le r\u00e9gent de Ch\u00e2tel, nomm\u00e9 Gu\u00e9ret, et un autre j\u00e9suite, nomm\u00e9 Hay, ne furent condamn\u00e9s qu&#8217;\u00e0 un bannissement perp\u00e9tuel.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-173\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Voltaire<\/a>&nbsp;(1769), &#8220;XXXI&#8221;,&nbsp;<em>Histoire du Parlement de Paris<\/em>, archived from the original on 5 February 2012,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser2005448_174-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#CITEREFFraser2005\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Fraser 2005<\/a>, p.&nbsp;448.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1981190_175-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#CITEREFNelson1981\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nelson 1981<\/a>, p.&nbsp;190.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits#cite_ref-176\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;see Malachi Martin (1987) The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_%26_Schuster\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Simon &amp; Schuster<\/a>, Linden Press, New York, 1987,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-671-54505-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0-671-54505-1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REVIEW <a href=\"https:\/\/christianpublishinghouse.co\/2021\/09\/13\/nttc-was-son-of-god-in-the-original-of-mark-11\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/christianpublishinghouse.co\/2021\/09\/13\/nttc-was-son-of-god-in-the-original-of-mark-11\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The opening verse of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gospel_of_Mark\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gospel of Mark<\/a>\u00a0states right from the start\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_the_Evangelist\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mark<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belief\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">belief<\/a>. American academic Robert J. Miller translates it as &#8220;The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodness_and_value_theory\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">good<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">news<\/a>\u00a0of Jesus the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anointing\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Anointed<\/a>&#8220;,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199413-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0on the basis that \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 means &#8220;anointed&#8221; and the phrase \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6 is not present in a few early witnesses. Some older manuscripts (such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Koridethi\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Koridethi (\u0398; 038)<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minuscule_28\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Minuscule 28<\/a>) omit &#8220;Son of God&#8221;, but Swedish theologian Tommy Wasserman through research concludes that the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lacuna_(manuscripts)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">omission<\/a>\u00a0was accidental.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#CITEREFMiller1994\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Miller 1994<\/a>, p.&nbsp;13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Wasserman, Tommy (2011),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24637864\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;The &#8216;Son of God&#8217; was in the Beginning (Mark 1:1)&#8221;,&nbsp;<em>Journal of Theological Studies<\/em>, NS, Vol 62, Pt. 1, pages 20\u201350<\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jts\/flr013\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Wasserman, Tommy (2015).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jbtc.org\/v20\/TC-2015-CBGM-Wasserman.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Historical and Philological Correlations and the CBGMas Applied to Mark 1:1&#8221;<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jbtc.org\/v20\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">TC:&nbsp;<em>A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism<\/em><\/a>. Vol 20. Pages 1-8.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISSN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:1089-7747\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1089-7747<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_1#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The original version of this verse in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Sinaiticus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Sinaiticus<\/a>\u00a0did not include the phrase &#8220;the Son of God&#8221;, but later it was added by a corrector (&#8220;S1&#8221;).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/codexsinaiticus.org\/en\/manuscript.aspx?book=34&amp;lid=en&amp;side=r&amp;zoomSlider=0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Codex Sinaiticus &#8211; Mark 1&#8221;<\/a>. Retrieved\u00a02017-02-13.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historical and Philological<br>Correlations and the CBGM<br>as Applied to Mark 1:1<br>Tommy Wasserman, Ansgar Teologiske H\u00f8gskole, Kristiansand<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, a recently discovered papyrus amulet attesting to the short reading (P. Oxy 76.5073) and patristic and versional evidence show that both readings are early and wide-spread. In the CBGM, these classes of evidence can be taken into account in the construction of local stemmata. It is quite likely that this complex variation-unit in Mark 1:1 will be left to a later phase when more genealogical data becomes available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">http:\/\/jbtc.org\/v20\/index.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">THE &#8216;SON OF GOD&#8217; WAS IN THE BEGINNING (MARK 1:1) Tommy Wasserman The Journal of Theological Studies <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i24637234\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">NEW SERIES, Vol. 62, No. 1 (APRIL 2011)<\/a>, pp. 20-50 (31 pages) Published By: Oxford University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24637864\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24637864<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The text-critical problem in the very beginning of the Gospel of Mark is both crucial and much debated. The main question is whether the phrase &#8216;Son of God&#8217; was accidentally omitted from an original or added by some scribes in order to expand the divine name or the title of the book. The disputed words are enclosed in square brackets in UBS and NA but omitted in the recent SBLGNT edition. Whereas most modern translations and commentators include the words, several scholars have recently argued for the shorter version of Mark 1:1. This article, however, defends the longer version that includes the words &#8216;Son of God&#8217;, taking into account external as well as internal evidence, in particular the plausibility of an accidental omission in the light of scribal habits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Journal Information<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Founded in 1899, The Journal of Theological Studies crosses the entire range of theological research, scholarship and interpretation. Ancient and modern texts, inscriptions, and documents that have not before appeared in type are also reproduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Publisher Information<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University&#8217;s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. OUP is the world&#8217;s largest university press with the widest global presence. It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Greek Manuscripts, Mark 1 and Nomina&nbsp;Sacra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/12\/greek-manuscripts-mark-1-and-nomina-sacra\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><time datetime=\"2015-09-12T19:04:57-05:00\">September 12, 2015<\/time><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/author\/antipater\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rick Wadholm Jr.<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/category\/greek\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/category\/mark\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mark<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/codex-sinaiticus\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Sinaiticus<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/greek\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Greek<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/jesus\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jesus<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/manuscript\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">manuscript<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/mark\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Mark<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/new-testament\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">New Testament<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/nomina-sacra\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Nomina sacra<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/tag\/son-of-god\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">son of God<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/12\/greek-manuscripts-mark-1-and-nomina-sacra\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/12\/greek-manuscripts-mark-1-and-nomina-sacra\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I offer the following brief look at a facsimile of one early Greek manuscript of the New Testament which I use in my Hermeneutics course to speak to both the original manuscripts and to utilizing our translations more effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus.jpg?w=583&amp;h=874\" alt=\"Mark 1 Codex Sinaiticus\" class=\"wp-image-2102\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following is a facsimile of Mark chapter 1 in&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.codexsinaiticus.org\/en\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Codex Sinaiticus<\/a>&nbsp;(a Greek manuscript whose original provenance is dated to the 4th century).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note the following in the second line of the left-most column are the following words which I have zoomed in on below (transliterated from the Greek with translation):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IY (with a line over it) followed by XY (with a line over it). These are what are called \u201c<em>nomina sacra<\/em>\u201d (for more see&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.wordpress.com\/2013\/05\/24\/ihs-what-does-it-mean\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">my blog post on IHS)<\/a>. They are abbreviated forms of \u201csacred names\u201d. In this case the name is \u201cJesus Christ\u201d. The first and last letter of each of these Greek words are written with a line over them. The equivalent in English would be JS CT but with lines over each set of letters.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus-copy.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus-copy.jpg?w=700\" alt=\"Mark 1 Codex Sinaiticus - Copy\" class=\"wp-image-2103\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus-2.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/mark-1-codex-sinaiticus-2.jpg?w=700\" alt=\"Mark 1 Codex Sinaiticus (2)\" class=\"wp-image-2104\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then note that right over the kappa that looks like our \u201cK\u201d (note the further zoomed in image to the right) on that same line are more\u00a0<em>nomina sacra<\/em>\u00a0written very small with the following letters: YY \u0398Y. These are not chromosome pairs. \ud83d\ude42 Again their are lines drawn just above each letter pair. These are the\u00a0<em>nomina sacra<\/em>\u00a0for \u201cSon of God\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whoever was copying or editing for this manuscript believed that \u201cSon of God\u201d should be included in the beginning of Mark\u2019s Gospel (either because they possessed a manuscript that included it, knew of one that did, or simply believed it read such), but did not want to put it into the text proper or because they were adding to what others had already copied and wanted to also include it. So instead they put it into the superscript above the text they were working with.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/img_0657.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rickwadholmjr.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/img_0657.jpg?w=225&amp;h=300\" alt=\"IMG_0657\" class=\"wp-image-2105\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you look in any contemporary English translations (like the NIV 1984 to the left) you should see a footnote for Mark 1:1 saying \u201cson of God\u201d does not appear in some manuscripts (or something similar to that). You have actually just looked at one of those manuscripts from your footnotes which did not originally include it even though it was later believed to be needing inclusion. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El monograma IHS aparece en los primeros siglos de nuestra era, a partir del nombre en\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koin%C3%A9\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">griego koin\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jes\u00fas<\/a>:\u00a0<strong>\u1f38\u03b7\u03c3<\/strong>\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (en may\u00fasculas\u00a0<strong>\u0399\u0397\u03a3<\/strong>\u039f\u03a5\u03a3, romanizado\u00a0<em>I\u0113s\u00fbs<\/em>), del que ser\u00eda abreviatura. Esta abreviatura,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%99\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">iota<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">eta<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sigma<\/a>, es \u0399\u0397\u03f9 (con la sigma lunada\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Griego_medieval\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bizantina<\/a>) o IH\u03a3, siendo sustituida la\u00a0<em>sigma<\/em>\u00a0final por la\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">S<\/a><\/em>, pero permaneciendo la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>eta<\/em>\u00a0griega<\/a>, por su similitud con la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>H<\/em>\u00a0latina<\/a>, y quedando como lo conocemos ahora: IHS o JHS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00a0<strong>Christogram<\/strong>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Latin<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Monogramma Christi<\/em>)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christogram#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0is a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogram\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">monogram<\/a>\u00a0or combination of letters that forms an abbreviation for the name of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesus_Christ\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jesus Christ<\/a>, traditionally used as a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_symbolism\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">religious symbol<\/a>\u00a0within the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christian Church<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>[a]<\/sup>&nbsp;The portmanteau of&nbsp;<em>Christo-<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>-gramma<\/em>&nbsp;is modern, first introduced in German as&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Christogramm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christogramm<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;in the mid-18th century. Its adoption into English as&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Christogram\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Christogram<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;dates to&nbsp;c.\u20091900.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-13.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9392\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chi-Rho\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Chi-Rho<\/a>&nbsp;symbol with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_and_Omega\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Alpha and Omega<\/a>&nbsp;on a 4th-century sarcophagus (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vatican_Museums\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vatican Museums<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the oldest Christograms is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chi-Rho\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Chi-Rho<\/a>&nbsp;(\u2627). It consists of the superimposed Greek letters&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chi_(letter)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">chi<\/a>&nbsp;(\u03a7)&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rho_(letter)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">rho<\/a>&nbsp;(\u03a1), which are the first two letters of the Greek&nbsp;\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, &#8216;Christ&#8217;. It was displayed on the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labarum\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">labarum<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;military standard used by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Constantine I<\/a>&nbsp;in 312 CE. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IX_monogram\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">IX monogram<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Christliche_Symbolik_(Menzel)_I_193_4.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a>) is a similar form, using the initials of the name&nbsp;\u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (\u1f41) \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, &#8216;Jesus (the) Christ&#8217;, as is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IH_monogram\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u0399\u0397 monogram<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:IH_Monogram_with_iota_and_eta_superimposed.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><\/a>), using the first two letters of the name&nbsp;\u0399\u0397\u03a3\u039f\u03a5\u03a3, &#8216;JESUS&#8217; in uppercase.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The&nbsp;Gran Loggia d&#8217;Italia degli A.L.A.M.&nbsp;(the&nbsp;acronym&nbsp;stands for&nbsp;Antichi Liberi e Accettati Muratori), known in&nbsp;English&nbsp;as the&nbsp;Grand Lodge&nbsp;of&nbsp;Italy&nbsp;of the A.F.A.M.&nbsp;(the acronym stands for&nbsp;Ancient Free and Accepted Masons), is a&nbsp;Continental Freemasonic&nbsp;organization based at Palazzo Vitelleschi, in&nbsp;Rome. 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