{"id":9439,"date":"2023-09-15T09:08:34","date_gmt":"2023-09-15T14:08:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=9439"},"modified":"2023-09-16T06:04:19","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T11:04:19","slug":"maurice-a-robinson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/15\/maurice-a-robinson\/","title":{"rendered":"Maurice A. Robinson"},"content":{"rendered":"\nREAD \n\n\n\nREAD \n\n\n\nREVIEW \n\n\n\nMaurice Arthur Robinson (born October 13, 1947) is an American professor of New Testament and Greek (retired) and a proponent of the Byzantine-priority method of New Testament textual criticism.\n\n\n\nThesis “Scribal Habits among Manuscripts of the Apocalypse” (1982)\n\n\n\nThe New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRobinson was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, to Arthur and Olga Robinson, but grew up in Bradenton, Florida. He earned his B.A. (1969) in English and secondary education from the University of South Florida, M.Div. (1973) and Th.M. (1975) from Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, and Ph.D. (1982) from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (dissertation: “Scribal Habits among Manuscripts of the Apocalypse”). Robinson married Renee Guscott in 1970.\n\n\n\n\nIn 1985\u20131986 Robinson created one of the first publicly-available digital editions of the Textus Receptus (TR) by manually typing out the entire Greek text of Robert Estienne\u2019s 1550 edition over a 9-month period in his “spare time from teaching duties.”[2] It was this text, once thoroughly proofread and corrected, that Robinson in the late 1980s used to create the first free digital editions of Scrivener‘s TR, the Elzevir TR, Westcott-Hort‘s text (with notations of all variations from the text of Nestle-Aland [26th ed.])[...x]<\/span>
, and “the earliest continuous electronic rendering of the RP Byzantine Textform.”[2]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • During the years 1995\u20131998 Robinson’s own spoken word format of the entire Greek New Testament in modified (American) Erasmian pronunciation was recorded and is available both in various Bible software platforms and online as a free download.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Robinson’s move away from reasoned eclecticism, to which he still held in writing as late as 1975,[3]<\/sup> is traced directly to the influence of noted New Testament textual critic Kenneth W. Clark, who guided Robinson in a mentored program of study from 1971 to 1977 and was guest-supervisor for his Th.M. thesis.[4]<\/sup> Clark‘s influence on Robinson focused on a skepticism[5]<\/sup> of the necessarily “subjective and tendentious” nature of reasoned eclecticism, the need for a “critical history of transmission,”[6]<\/sup> and the proposition that reasoned eclectic procedure should accept “a stronger role for the Byzantine Textform coupled with a strong transmissional historical view.”[7]<\/sup> At least the first two of these come out clearly in Robinson’s Th.M. thesis, where he opined, “Eclecticism reigns, and it has left textual criticism in a state of fluidity. … [O]ur objectivity has been surrendered to the whims of individual critics. … Our feet have become mired and mudbound in the trenches of subjectivity.”[8]<\/sup> He advocated that critics must determine the “history of the transmission of the New Testament text viewed in its total chronological perspective,” and that the “primary value of texttypes is their utilization in reconstructing the history of textual transmission.”[9]<\/sup> In contrast to his current Byzantine-priority stance, Robinson stated at the time that “it is more likely that the original text itself was what we today would term ‘mixed,'” that “[a]ll known texttypes proceeded from this original ‘mixed’ [form], coming into existence as types<\/em> primarily from local-text situations,” and even that “the uncontrolled, popular text of the second century … corrupted the original [Textform] with its own scraps of oral tradition and theologically motivated alterations.”[10]<\/sup> Even then Robinson expressed that “the Alexandrian text [could] have arisen as the first attempt to produce an alternative controlled text against the multiplicity of wild texts which characterized the Western groups,”[11]<\/sup> a view to which he still holds more than 40 years later.[12]<\/sup> Robinson’s obsession with constantly evaluating “all pertinent transmissional and transcriptional factors … in relation to the various aspects of external and internal criteria” before making any final decisions regarding the text to be established may be summarized in how he describes his method: “reasoned transmissionalism.”[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As mentioned above, the genesis of Robinson’s career dedication to “reasoned transmissionalism” essentially goes back to Clark and is best expressed in Robinson’s own words:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Clark\u2019s views, written and oral, laid the basis for my shift away from reasoned eclecticism to a transmission-based hypothesis; this ultimately led to my Byzantine-priority position. Clark\u2019s hints and allegations in his published material were enhanced by his private tutelage, where he lamented over much of his previous career, having focused on reasonable internal and external principles that nevertheless led to faulty conclusions. As he expressed to me in the mid-1970s, had he been 30 years younger, he would chart a new course, predicated on transmissional probabilities, including the strong view that the autograph text of any New Testament book would more likely be preserved within a single<\/em> existing texttype rather than amid an eclectic conglomeration drawn from multiple sources. Clark suggested that the question of which<\/em> texttype should be dually established from (1) the likelihood of its archetypal reconstructability, and (2) the quantitative and qualitative evidence relating to the transmission and perpetuation of that archetype. Clark\u2019s final conclusion shocked my reasoned eclectic viewpoint: he suggested that the Byzantine Textform \u2014 to the extent that such could be established in its archetypal form \u2014 was the most likely candidate for autograph originality against all rival claimants, whether favored Greek manuscripts, other texttypes or subjective internal factors. As Clark told me then, “I am now too old to explore and delineate this position; but you are young, and should pursue it.” That has been my endeavor since approximately 1975.[14]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Maurice A. Robinson, “Textual Interrelationships among Selected Ancient Witnesses to the Book of Acts” (Th.M. thesis, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1975), conducted his investigation within the framework of reasoned eclecticism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. ^<\/strong> Pertinent here are Maurice A. Robinson, “Eclectic Observations regarding the Current Critical Text” (paper presented at the 60th annual meeting of the ETS, Providence, R.I., 19 November 2008), esp. 1-5; ibid., “Fifty Years behind the Text: Post-Retirement Reflections on a Career in NT Textual Criticism” (paper presented at the 68th annual meeting of the ETS, San Antonio, Tex., 15 November 2016).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. ^<\/strong> The same skepticism is also apparent in Eldon J. Epp, with whom Robinson shared a meeting and lunch in Cleveland at the urging of Clark and whose following articles he found “strongly influential” (Robinson, “Fifty Years,” 5): Eldon J. Epp, \u201cThe Twentieth Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism,\u201d Journal of Biblical Literature<\/em> 93 (1974) 386\u2013414; \u201cThe Eclectic Method in New Testament Textual Criticism: Solution or Symptom?\u201d Harvard Theological Review<\/em> 69 (1976) 211\u201357; \u201cNew Testament Textual Criticism in America: Requiem for a Discipline,\u201d Journal of Biblical Literature<\/em> 98 (1979) 94\u201398; and, \u201cA Continuing Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism?\u201d Harvard Theological Review 73 (1980) 131\u201351.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. ^<\/strong> Kenneth W. Clark, “Today’s Problems with the Critical Text of the New Testament,” in Transitions in Biblical Scholarship<\/em> (ed. J. Coert Rylaarsdam; Essays in Divinity 6; Chicago: University Press, 1968), 166.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Fifty Years,” 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Interrelationships,” 14.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    7. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Interrelationships,” 10, 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    8. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Interrelationships,” 124, 131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    9. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Interrelationships,” 131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    10. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Fifty Years,” 5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    11. ^<\/strong> Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, eds., The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005<\/em> (Southborough, Mass.: Chilton Book Publishing, 2005), xiv.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    12. ^<\/strong> Robinson, “Eclectic Observations,” 4-5.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Robinson’s single largest project is the text of the\u00a0Pericope adulterae<\/em>\u00a0(PA; also\u00a0Pericope de adultera<\/em>), or the passage of the adulteress (John 7:53-8:11). Having examined more than 1750\u00a0continuous-text manuscripts\u00a0related to the passage or its perimeter, he completely collated the nearly 1500 manuscripts and 500 lectionaries which contain the passage. This was done at the\u00a0Institut f\u00fcr Neutestamentliche Textforschung\u00a0in M\u00fcnster, Germany, primarily during a 1997\u20131998 sabbatical leave, with briefer visits in the years 1999, 2000, and 2005. The computerized data entry of 15 years’ worth of primary collation material was completed in 2012, as was the volume, “The Greek Manuscript Witnesses to the\u00a0Pericope Adulterae<\/em>: A Comprehensive Collation of All Accessible and Readable Continuous-text and Lectionary Manuscripts according to the Various Locations in which the Passage is Present.”[15]<\/sup>\u00a0Another volume appeared in 2014, “A Comprehensive Bibliography of Material relating to the\u00a0Pericope Adulterae<\/em>\u00a0(John 7:53-8:11): Various Entries Annotated, generally by Direct Quotation from the Source Cited.”[16]<\/sup>\u00a0Both volumes, including Robinson’s original collation documents and handwritten notes, may be accessed at the\u00a0SEBTS\u00a0library and are preparatory for the final work, still in progress:\u00a0The Text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11)<\/em>, 3 vols. Vol. 1:\u00a0Text and Apparatus<\/em>; Vol. 2:\u00a0The Textual Interrelationships among the Manuscripts which contain the Pericope Adulterae<\/em>; Vol. 3:\u00a0The Archetype of the\u00a0<\/em>Pericope Adulterae\u00a0and its Relationship to the Gospel of John<\/em>. Until these volumes appear, two articles by Robinson remain of primary interest in relation to his\u00a0magnum opus: “Preliminary Observations Regarding the\u00a0Pericope Adulterae<\/em>\u00a0based upon Fresh Collations of nearly all Continuous-Text Manuscripts and all Lectionary Manuscripts containing the Passage”;[17]<\/sup>\u00a0and, “The\u00a0Pericope Adulterae<\/em>: A Johannine Tapestry with Double Interlock.”[18]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Unpublished bound volume. Wake Forest, N.C.: Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Library, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. ^<\/strong> Unpublished bound volume. Wake Forest, N.C.: Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Library, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. ^<\/strong> Filolog\u00eda Neotestamentaria<\/em> 13 (2000) 35-59.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. ^<\/strong> Pages 115-45 in The Pericope of the Adulteress in Contemporary Research<\/em>. Edited by David Alan Black and Jacob N. Cerone. Library of New Testament Studies 551. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. ^<\/strong> In addition to the first three unpublished papers listed below, others include: Maurice A. Robinson, “Hort Redivivus? A Critique of Gordon Fee in the Light of the Majority Text Theory” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., 1979); ibid., “Scribal Habits among Manuscripts of the Apocalypse” (Ph.D. diss., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1982); ibid., “Burgon Revisited: Another Scrutiny of Vaticanus’ Blank Space at the End of Mark” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., n.d.); ibid., “How Many Manuscripts are Necessary to Establish the Majority Text?” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., 1990); William G. Pierpont, “The Majority Text Notes and How to Use Them,” in The Interlinear Bible: Hebrew-Greek-English<\/em> (ed. Jay P. Green; 4 vols.; Baker Book House, 1979) 4:605-620; ibid., “What is the ‘Majority Text’ of the Greek New Testament?” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., n.d.); ibid., “Burgon’s Seven Notes of Truth” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., n.d.); ibid., “Dean Burgon and the Received Text” (unpublished paper distributed by the Majority Text Society, Dallas, Tex., 1990).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Maurice A. Robinson, “Fifty Years behind the Text: Post-Retirement Reflections on a Career in NT Textual Criticism” (paper presented at the 68th annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, San Antonio, Tex., 15 November 2016), 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Robinson (with William Pierpont) is most recognized for editing a Greek New Testament based on Byzantine-priority principles which previously had been explored, formulated, and expressed in various papers and publications.[19]<\/sup> The Greek text, although prepared by Robinson in digital form several years earlier, appeared in 1991 in an initial softback edition without accents or breathing marks and was titled, The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Byzantine\/Majority Textform<\/em> (Atlanta: The Original Word). Fourteen years later a more elegant edition appeared, The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005<\/em> (Southborough, MA: Chilton Book Publishing), a fully accented edition with an apparatus showing every variation of the text from that of the standard Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece<\/em> (27th ed.), marginal readings indicating major splits in the Greek manuscript tradition, and a 53-page appendix explaining “The Case for Byzantine Priority.” This was followed in 2010 by a corrected Reader’s Edition, produced in cooperation with Jeffrey Dodson (who was responsible for the formatting).[20]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Some titles of Robinson’s other publications include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • “\u03a3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2: Did Paul Preach from Jesus’ Parables?”[21]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Ruth and Jonah: Parsing Guide for the Hebrew Text<\/em>.[22]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Indexes to All Editions of Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon and Thayer’s Greek Lexicon<\/em>.[23]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Significance of the Word \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea for Biblical Studies.”[24]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Hype and Nonsense: Right and Wrong Ways to Evaluate the Playing Strength of Commercially-Available Chess Computers.”[25]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Two Passages in Mark: A Critical Test for the Byzantine-Priority Hypothesis.”[26]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Recensional Nature of the Alexandrian Text-Type: A Response to Selected Criticisms of the Byzantine-Priority Theory.”[27]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Investigating Text-Critical Dichotomy: A Critique of Modern Eclectic Praxis from a Byzantine-Priority Perspective.”[28]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority.”[29]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Crossing Boundaries in New Testament Textual Criticism: Historical Revisionism and the Case of Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener.”[30]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Case for Byzantine Priority.”[31]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Preliminary Observations Regarding the Pericope Adulterae<\/em> based upon Fresh Collations of nearly all Continuous-Text Manuscripts and all Lectionary Manuscripts containing the Passage.”[32]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “William Grover Pierpont: 26 January 1915 \u2013 20 February 2003.”[33]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “In Search of the Alexandrian Archetype: Observations from a Byzantine-Priority Perspective.”[34]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Case for Byzantine Priority.”[35]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Amid Perfect Contempt, a Place for the Genuine: The Long Ending of Mark as Canonical Verity.”[36]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Rule 9, Isolated Variants, and the ‘Test-Tube’ Nature of the NA27\/UBS4 Text: A Byzantine-Priority Perspective.”[37]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Rich Man and Lazarus \u2013 Luke 16:19\u201331. Text-Critical Notes.”[38]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Analytical Lexicon of New Testament Greek: Revised and Updated<\/em>.[39]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “The Pericope Adulterae<\/em>: A Johannine Tapestry with Double Interlock.”[40]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “‘It\u2019s All About Variants’ \u2014 unless ‘No Longer Written.'”[41]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “Incomplete Truth and Its Consequences: A Clarification of the Manuscript Evidence regarding 2 Corinthians 1:6\u20137.”[42]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. The Greek New Testament for Beginning Readers: Byzantine Textform<\/em> (ed. Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont [Greek text and parsings] and Jeffrey Dodson [lexical data and layout]; N\u00fcrnberg: VTR Publications, 2010).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          2. ^<\/strong> Biblica<\/em> 56 (1975) 231\u2013240.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          3. ^<\/strong> Fort Worth: Calar, 1979.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          4. ^<\/strong> Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1981.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          5. ^<\/strong> Luther Rice Theological Journal<\/em> 3 (1985) 6\u201316.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          6. ^<\/strong> Computer Chess Reports<\/em> (Fall-Winter 1986) 114\u2013122.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          7. ^<\/strong> Faith and Mission<\/em> 13 (Fall 1996) 66\u2013111.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          8. ^<\/strong> Faith and Mission<\/em> 11 (1993) 46\u201374. [Issued in 1997 but back-dated 1993.]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          9. ^<\/strong> Faith and Mission<\/em> 16 (Spring 1999) 16\u201331.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          10. ^<\/strong> TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism<\/em> 6 (2001). Online: .<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          11. ^<\/strong> TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism<\/em> 7 (2002). Online: .<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          12. ^<\/strong> Pages 125\u201339 in Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism<\/em>. Edited by David Alan Black. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002. [A summarized version of the major article published in TC<\/em> above.]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          13. ^<\/strong> Filolog\u00eda Neotestamentaria<\/em> 13 (2000) 35\u201359.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          14. ^<\/strong> TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism<\/em> 8 (2003). Online: . [Co-authored with Ken Pierpont.]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          15. ^<\/strong> Pages 45\u201367 in The New Testament Text in Early Christianity: Proceedings of the Lille Colloquium, July 2000<\/em>. Edited by Christian-B. Amphoux and J. Keith Elliott. Histoire du Texte Biblique 6. Lausanne: \u00c9ditions du Z\u00e8bre, 2003.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          16. ^<\/strong> Pages 533\u201386 [Appendix] in The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005<\/em>. Edited by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont. Southborough, MA: Chilton Book Publishing, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          17. ^<\/strong> Pages 40\u201379 in Perspectives on the Ending of Mark<\/em>. Edited by David Alan Black. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          18. ^<\/strong> Pages 27\u201361 in Translating the New Testament: Text, Translation, Theology<\/em>. Edited by Stanley E. Porter and Mark J. Boda. McMaster New Testament Studies 10. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          19. ^<\/strong> Pages 96\u2013110 in Translating the New Testament: Text, Translation, Theology<\/em>. Edited by Stanley E. Porter and Mark J. Boda. McMaster New Testament Studies 10. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          20. ^<\/strong> Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2012. [Co-edited with Mark House.]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          21. ^<\/strong> Pages 115\u201345 in The Pericope of the Adulteress in Contemporary Research<\/em>. Edited by David Alan Black and Jacob N. Cerone. Library of New Testament Studies 551. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          22. ^<\/strong> Pages 116\u201353 in Getting into the Text: New Testament Essays in Honor of David Alan Black<\/em>. Edited by Daniel L. Akin and Thomas W. Hudgins. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          23. ^<\/strong> Filolog\u00eda Neotestamentaria<\/em> 30 (2017): 89\u2013119.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            At various professional venues, but especially those of the Evangelical Theological Society (ETS), Robinson has presented many papers, the titles of some of which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n