{"id":9922,"date":"2023-10-05T14:02:53","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T19:02:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/?p=9922"},"modified":"2023-10-05T14:02:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T19:02:54","slug":"curetonian-gospels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/10\/05\/curetonian-gospels\/","title":{"rendered":"Curetonian Gospels"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jean-Claude Haelewyck<\/strong>&nbsp;(born in 1952) is a professor emeritus,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Haelewyck#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;semiticist, researcher in the fields of the Old Latin Versions of the Bible and Syriac Studies at Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes Orientales in Institut Orientaliste de Louvain,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain<\/a>&nbsp;and director of FNRS (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fonds_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique<\/a>).<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Haelewyck#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uclouvain.be\/en\/directories\/jean-claude.haelewyck\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Jean-Claude Haelewyck&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>uclouvain.be<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Haelewyck#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abelao.eu\/index.php\/liste-des-cours?id=26\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Jean-Claude HAELEWYCK&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Acad\u00e9mie Belge pour l&#8217;Etude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dean_(Christianity)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dean<\/a>&nbsp;<strong>Frederic William Farrar<\/strong>&nbsp;(Bombay, 7 August 1831 \u2013&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canterbury\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Canterbury<\/a>, 22 March 1903) was a senior-ranking cleric of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_of_England\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Church of England<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglican\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Anglican<\/a>), schoolteacher and author. He was a pallbearer at the funeral of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Darwin\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Charles Darwin<\/a>&nbsp;in 1882. He was a member of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambridge_Apostles\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cambridge Apostles<\/a>&nbsp;secret society. He was the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archdeacon\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archdeacon<\/a>&nbsp;of Westminster from 1883 to 1894, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dean_of_Canterbury\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dean of Canterbury<\/a>&nbsp;from 1895 until his death in 1903.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>Curetonian Gospels<\/strong>, designated by the&nbsp;<em>siglum<\/em>&nbsp;syr<sup>cur<\/sup>, are contained in a manuscript of the four&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gospel\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">gospels of the New Testament<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Old Syriac<\/a>. Together with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_Sinaiticus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sinaiticus Palimpsest<\/a>&nbsp;the Curetonian Gospels form the Old Syriac Version, and are known as the&nbsp;<strong>Evangelion Dampharshe<\/strong>&nbsp;(&#8220;Separated Gospels&#8221;) in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_Orthodox_Church\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriac Orthodox Church<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Curetonian_Gospels_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XIV.jpg\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9957\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Curetonian Gospels, Matt 15-20-25<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Gospels are commonly named after&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Cureton\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">William Cureton<\/a>&nbsp;who maintained that they represented an Aramaic Gospel and had not been translated from Greek (1858)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and differed considerably from the canonical Greek texts, with which they had been collated and &#8220;corrected&#8221;. Henry Harman (1885) concluded, however, that their originals had been Greek from the outset.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The order of the gospels is Matthew, Mark, John, Luke. The text is one of only two&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_language\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriac<\/a>&nbsp;manuscripts of the separate gospels that possibly predate the standard Syriac version, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peshitta\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Peshitta<\/a>; the other is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinaitic_Palimpsest\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sinaitic Palimpsest<\/a>. A fourth Syriac text is the harmonized&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diatessaron\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Diatessaron<\/a><\/em>. The Curetonian Gospels and the Sinaitic Palimpsest appear to have been translated from independent Greek originals.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Syriac text of the codex is a representative of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_text-type\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Western text<\/a>. Significant variant readings include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In Matthew 4:23 the variant &#8220;in whole Galilee&#8221; together with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_1209\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Bobiensis\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Bobiensis<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lectionary_20\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><strong>\u2113<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>20<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coptic_Versions_of_the_Bible\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">cop<sup>sa<\/sup><\/a>. Matthew 12:47 is omitted.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In Matthew 16:12 the variant&nbsp;<em>leaven of bread of the Pharisees and Sadducees<\/em>&nbsp;supported only by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Sinaiticus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Sinaiticus<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Corbeiensis_I\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Corbeiensis I<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In Luke 23:43 the variant&nbsp;<em>I say today to you, you will be with me in paradise<\/em>&nbsp;supported only by unspaced dot in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Vaticanus\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Codex Vaticanus<\/a>&nbsp;and lack of punctuation in earlier Greek MSS.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">History<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The manuscript gets its curious name from being edited and published by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Cureton\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">William Cureton<\/a>&nbsp;in 1858. The manuscript was among a mass of manuscripts brought in 1842 from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monastery_of_Saint_Mary_Deipara\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syrian monastery of Saint Mary Deipara<\/a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wadi_Natroun\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wadi Natroun<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lower_Egypt\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lower Egypt<\/a>, as the result of a series of negotiations that had been under way for some time; it is conserved in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Library\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">British Library<\/a>. Cureton recognized that the Old Syriac text of the gospels was significantly different from any known at the time. He dated the manuscript fragments to the fifth century; the text, which may be as early as the second century, is written in the oldest and classical form of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_alphabet\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriac alphabet<\/a>, called&nbsp;<em>Es\u1e6drangel\u0101<\/em>, without vowel points.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sor.cua.edu\/Bible\/OldSyriac.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Syriac Orthodox Resources. George Kiraz, 2001<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Cureton,&nbsp;<em>Remains of a Very Ancient Recension of the Four Gospels in Syriac, Hitherto Unknown in Europe,<\/em>&nbsp;London, 1858; Cureton included an English translation of the newly discovered text, and a long introduction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Henry Martyn Harman (1822-1897), &#8220;Cureton&#8217;s fragments of Syriac Gospels&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>5<\/strong>.1\/2 (June &#8211; December 1885), pp 28-48.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl\u00e4ndischen Gesellschaft -Deutsche Morgenl\u00e4ndische Gesellschaft, Rudolf Anger, Hermann Brockhaus &#8211; 1951 Volume 101 &#8211; Page 125 &#8220;Their text was at least as old as the Curetonian&nbsp;; they certainly were translated from Greek Gospels&nbsp;; and they presented a number of strange readings, notably the reading &#8216; Joseph begot Jesus,&#8221; in Mt 1:16. There were critical problems here, &#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Nestle-Aland,&nbsp;<em>Novum Testamentum Graece<\/em>&nbsp;26th ed., p. 46.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;UBS GNT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curetonian_Gospels#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.katapi.org.uk\/BibleMSS\/Curetonian.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Illustration of a page.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From a large series of animal studies we may conclude that vitamin C plays a role in preventing, shortening, and alleviating diverse infections. It seems evident that vitamin C has similar effects in humans. Controlled studies have shown that vitamin C shortens and alleviates the common cold and prevents colds under specific conditions and in restricted population subgroups. Five controlled trials found significant effects of vitamin C against pneumonia. There is some evidence that vitamin C may also have effects on other infections, but there is a paucity of such data. The practical importance and optimally efficacious doses of vitamin C for preventing and treating infections are unknown. Vitamin C is safe and costs only pennies per gram, and therefore even modest effects may be worth exploiting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5409678\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5409678\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">24.&nbsp;Hume R., Weyers E. Changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid during the common cold.&nbsp;<em>Scott. Med. J.&nbsp;<\/em>1973;18:3\u20137. doi:&nbsp;10.1177\/003693307301800102.&nbsp;[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4717661\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PubMed<\/a>] [<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F003693307301800102\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">CrossRef<\/a>]&nbsp;[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?journal=Scott.+Med.+J.&amp;title=Changes+in+leucocyte+ascorbic+acid+during+the+common+cold&amp;author=R.+Hume&amp;author=E.+Weyers&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=1973&amp;pages=3-7&amp;pmid=4717661&amp;doi=10.1177\/003693307301800102&amp;\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/kids\/bible\/babel\/where-do-chinese-come-from\/\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/answersingenesis.org\/kids\/bible\/babel\/where-do-chinese-come-from\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Surely these shall come from afar; Look! Those from the north and the west, and these from the land of Sinim.\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>(<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Isa%2049.12\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ISAIAH 49:12<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Gen%2011.9\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">GENESIS 11:9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Acts%2017.26\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ACTS 17:26<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/John%203.16\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">JOHN 3:16<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All people today came out of Babel (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Gen%2010.32\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">GENESIS 10:32<\/a>), including the Chinese people. The Chinese came from the line of Noah\u2019s son Ham and grandson Canaan. Some of these descendants were called Canaanites. One group of Canaanites was called the Sinites (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Gen%2010.15%E2%80%9317\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">GENESIS 10:15\u201317<\/a>). Like the Sinai Peninsula, the names in the area reflect the names of Sineus or the Sinites, such as Mt. Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Exod%2034.29\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">EXODUS 34:29<\/a>) when leaving Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chinese are descendants of these original Sinites and most call themselves \u201cHan,\u201d from Ham, one of Noah\u2019s three sons. China in ancient times was called the land of the Sinites. This name is still used and the Bible even calls this distant land the land of Sinim (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/biblia.com\/bible\/esv\/Isa%2049.12\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ISAIAH 49:12<\/a>). Not all people in China are Sinites though. There are several people groups that made it to China. One group, the Maio people, have their ancestry through Noah\u2019s son Japheth and his son Gomer. But let\u2019s remember that all people in the world are descendants of Adam\u2014which is why all people are sinners in need of salvation through Christ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>history of Russia<\/strong>&nbsp;begins with the histories of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Slavs\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">East Slavs<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rus%27_people\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Rus&#8217;<\/a>&nbsp;state in the north in 862, ruled by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Varangians\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Varangians<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_note-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_note-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 882, Prince&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleg_of_Novgorod\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Oleg of Novgorod<\/a>&nbsp;seized&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiev\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kiev<\/a>, uniting the northern and southern lands of the Eastern Slavs under one authority, moving the governance center to Kiev by the end of the 10th century, and maintaining northern and southern parts with significant autonomy from each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac14\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;History of Russia \u2013 Slavs in Russia: from 1500 BC&#8221;<\/a>. Historyworld.net. Retrieved&nbsp;14 July&nbsp;2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Hosking, Geoffrey; Service, Robert, eds. (1998).&nbsp;<em>Russian Nationalism, Past and Present<\/em>. Springer. p.&nbsp;8.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781349265329\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9781349265329<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_ref-3\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Grey, Ian (2015).&nbsp;<em>Russia: A History<\/em>. p.&nbsp;5.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781612309019\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>9781612309019<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Russia#cite_ref-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Ketola, Kari; Vihavainen, Timo (2014).&nbsp;<em>Changing Russia?&nbsp;: history, culture and business<\/em>&nbsp;(1.&nbsp;ed.). Helsinki: Finemor. p.&nbsp;1.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-9527124017\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>978-9527124017<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>George Albert Wells<\/strong>&nbsp;(22 May 1926 \u2013 23 January 2017)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-1\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;was an English scholar who served as Professor of German at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birkbeck,_University_of_London\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Birkbeck, University of London<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/about-us\/tributes\/wells\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">George Albert Wells, Emeritus Professor 22 May 1926-23 January 2017<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2017\/mar\/06\/george-wells-obituary?utm_\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;George Wells obituary&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The Guardian<\/a><\/em>. 6 March 2017.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109020232\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2017\/mar\/06\/george-wells-obituary?utm_\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Archived<\/a>&nbsp;from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved&nbsp;6 March&nbsp;2017.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the late 1990s, Wells said that the hypothetical&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q_document\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Q document<\/a>, which is proposed as a source used in some of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gospels\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">gospels<\/a>, may &#8220;contain a core of reminiscences&#8221; of an itinerant&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galilean\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Galilean<\/a>&nbsp;miracle-worker\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cynicism_(philosophy)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cynic<\/a>-sage type preacher.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-earliest-4\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;This new stance has been interpreted as Wells changing his position to accept the existence of a historical Jesus.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-vanvoorstencyc-5\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In 2003, Wells stated that he disagreed with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_M._Price\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Robert M. Price<\/a>&nbsp;on the information about Jesus being &#8220;all mythical&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-WellsTrust49-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Wells believes that the Jesus of the gospels is obtained by attributing the supernatural traits of the Pauline epistles to the human preacher of Q.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_note-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wells, G. A. (September 1999).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.infidels.org\/library\/modern\/g_a_wells\/earliest.html\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">&#8220;Earliest Christianity&#8221;<\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_Humanist\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The New Humanist<\/a><\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>114<\/strong>&nbsp;(3): 13\u201318.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_ref-vanvoorstencyc_5-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Van Voorst, Robert E (2003). &#8220;Nonexistence Hypothesis&#8221;. In Houlden, James Leslie (ed.).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/jesushistorythou00houl_286\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><em>Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia<\/em><\/a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/jesushistorythou00houl_286\/page\/n698\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">660<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57607-856-6\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><bdi>1-57607-856-6<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_ref-WellsTrust49_6-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Can We Trust the New Testament?<\/em>&nbsp;by George Albert Wells (2003)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0812695674\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0812695674<\/a>&nbsp;pp. 49\u201350<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._A._Wells#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">^<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Can We Trust the New Testament?<\/em>&nbsp;by George Albert Wells (2003)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0812695674\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">0812695674<\/a>&nbsp;p. 43<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jean-Claude Haelewyck&nbsp;(born in 1952) is a professor emeritus,[1]&nbsp;semiticist, researcher in the fields of the Old Latin Versions of the Bible and Syriac Studies at Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes Orientales in Institut Orientaliste de Louvain,&nbsp;Universit\u00e9 &#8230; <a title=\"Curetonian Gospels\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/abudinen.com\/blog\/2023\/10\/05\/curetonian-gospels\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Curetonian Gospels\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"social-share 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