Glutatión y NAC

Ivermectina o molnupiravir ¿cuál es mejor? Análisis escrito por Dr. Joseph MercolaDatos comprobados

28 de Octubre, 2021Descargar PDF

• Un artículo comparó los datos de Merck sobre su nuevo medicamento molnupiravir, con los datos revisados por pares sobre la ivermectina y los resultados demuestran que a diferencia del molnupiravir, la ivermectina no solo produce menos efectos secundarios, sino que es más económica y efectiva contra el SARS-CoV-2
• Los datos de los ensayos clínicos demuestran que Merck incluyó a 1850 participantes en el grupo de pacientes no hospitalizados, pero solo publicó los datos de 762. Además, el diseño del ensayo establecía un grupo de pacientes hospitalizados de 1300 participantes, pero por “razones comerciales”, al final solo incluyeron a 304
• Merck solicitó la autorización de uso de emergencia para su medicamento molnupiravir y aunque a muchos les entusiasma la idea de un antiviral antiCOVID-19, los criterios de exclusión para los participantes del estudio podrían significar que pocas personas son aptas para tomarlo
• Existen estrategias para prevenir o tratar la enfermedad de forma temprana que no requieren de medicamentos de prescripción y que resultan muy efectivas para muchas personas. Por ejemplo, optimizar sus niveles de vitamina D para prevenir la enfermedad, utilizar peróxido de hidrógeno nebulizado después de exponerse al virus o bien, tomar nutracéuticos para el tratamiento temprano

La Ivermectina contiene propiedades antitumorales que evitan el cáncer colorrectal Análisis escrito por Dr. Joseph MercolaDatos comprobados 21 de Octubre, 2021Descargar PDF

• La ivermectina contiene propiedades antiinflamatorias, antitumorales y antivirales; los datos demuestran que el medicamento influye en la apoptosis y la proliferación de células de cáncer colorrectal en el laboratorio
• Utilizar la ivermectina para tratar el cáncer ofrece la esperanza de recibir un tratamiento de la medicina occidental menos dañino, ya que existen otras intervenciones que son invasivas y dañinas
• Es posible seguir varias medidas para ayudar a prevenir el cáncer colorrectal, como consumir más fibra, optimizar el nivel de vitamina D, evitar la carne procesada, mantener un peso normal y controlar la grasa abdominal
• Los investigadores demostraron la probabilidad de que el cáncer sea una enfermedad metabólica controlada por mitocondrias dañadas. Puede optimizar su salud mitocondrial a través de la cetosis nutricional cíclica, restricción de calorías, horario de las comidas, ejercicio y normalizar los niveles de hierro

Documentos secretos revelan qué hay detrás de los ataques contra la ivermectina Análisis escrito por Dr. Joseph MercolaDatos comprobados 3 de Noviembre, 2021Descargar PDF

• Los principales medios de comunicación insinuaron que la ivermectina es un medicamento exclusivo para uso veterinario y que podría representar un peligro para los humanos
• La FDA dijo que se trataba de un “desparasitante para caballos” y basó toda su campaña de desprestigio en un reporte del Departamento de Salud de Mississippi que afirmaba que el 70 % de las llamadas que recibía el centro de control de intoxicaciones se relacionaban con la ivermectina de uso veterinario. Pero este 70 % solo representa un total de seis llamadas, y de estas seis, cuatro fueron por uso accidental de la ivermectina en el ganado. En general, estas llamadas representaron solo el 2 % de todas las llamadas que recibió el centro de control de intoxicaciones
• Si comparamos los perfiles de seguridad, desde 1992, solo se han reportado un total de 20 muertes relacionadas con la ivermectina. Por otro lado, desde la primavera de 2020, el portal VigiAccess ha recibido 7491 reportes de eventos adversos que incluyen 560 muertes, 550 trastornos cardíacos graves y 475 lesiones renales agudas relacionadas con el remdesivir, el medicamento que utilizan los hospitales estadounidenses para tratar el COVID-19

¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre la ivermectina? Análisis escrito por Dr. Joseph MercolaDatos comprobados 20 de Septiembre, 2021Descargar PDF

• La cadena de noticias KFOR News, publicó una historia falsa en la que un médico afirmaba que las salas de emergencia en Oklahoma estaban repletas de personas que utilizaban ivermectina para caballos en crema o en pasta para tratar el COVID-19
• La historia resultó ser pura ficción, ya que no existen tales casos. Aun así, la cadena KFOR no se ha retractado de la historia y tampoco ha emitido una corrección
• La idea de que la ivermectina es un desparasitante para caballos que representa un riesgo letal para los humanos, es una narrativa engañosa que tiene como objetivo disuadir a las personas de utilizar un medicamento seguro y efectivo contra el COVID-19
• Aunque la ivermectina se utiliza como desparasitante en animales, también es un medicamento para humanos que la FDA aprobó desde mediados de la década de los 90. Incluso, está en la lista de medicamentos esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para varias enfermedades parasitarias y, al igual que otros medicamentos, tiene un uso alternativo para tratar otras enfermedades y afecciones
• Además de ser un antiparasitario, también tiene potentes propiedades antivirales e incluso ha demostrado proteger contra el daño de la proteína Spike del SARS-CoV-2

Dióxido de cloro

El dióxido de cloro (ClO2) es un compuesto químico que consta de un átomo de cloro y dos átomos de oxígeno. Es un gas de color rojizo a verde amarillento que se disuelve en agua a temperatura ambiente. Se utiliza para una variedad de actividades como antimicrobiano, incluida la desinfección de agua potable.

Una desinfección avanzada en el tratamiento del agua
El dióxido de cloro es un desinfectante. Cuando se agrega al agua potable permite destruir las bacterias, los virus y algunos tipos de parásitos que pueden causar enfermedades, como el Cryptosporidium parvum y la Giardia lamblia. La Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA) regula que la concentración máxima de dióxido de cloro en el agua potable no sea mayor de 0.8 partes por millón (ppm).

Usos industriales y en fabricación
La química del dióxido de cloro se utiliza en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones industriales, petróleo y gas, alimentos y municipales:

Producción de alimentos y bebidas
El dióxido de cloro se puede utilizar en el agua como un agente antimicrobiano para el procesamiento de aves de corral y para lavar frutas y verduras.

Aplicaciones médicas
En los hospitales y otros entornos sanitarios, el gas de dióxido de cloro se usa para esterilizar los equipos médicos y de laboratorio, las superficies, habitaciones y herramientas. Los investigadores descubrieron que en las concentraciones apropiadas, el dióxido de cloro es “seguro y eficaz” para eliminar las bacterias de Legionella en entornos hospitalarios, así como la enfermedad del legionario, un tipo de neumonía potencialmente mortal causada por la bacteria Legionella pneumophila.

Información de seguridad

El dióxido de cloro se usa para desinfectar el agua potable en todo el mundo. Según los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de EE. UU., Se agrega dióxido de cloro al agua potable para proteger a las personas de las bacterias dañinas y otros microorganismos. La EPA reconoce el uso de dióxido de cloro como desinfectante del agua potable, y está incluido en las Directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la calidad del agua potable.

¿El dióxido de cloro remueve el olor?

En el agua, el dióxido de cloro se utiliza para eliminar sabores y olores desagradables, así como para eliminar las algas y bacterias que producen feo sabor y olor. También se usa en algunos productos para la higiene personal. Por ejemplo, el dióxido de cloro se utiliza en enjuagues bucales y productos de odontología como compuesto biocida oxidante para tratar el mal aliento.

EVALUACIONES Y PATENTES A REVISAR ?

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution Jui-Wen Ma, Bin-Syuan Huang, […], and Shan-Shue Wang Additional article information Abstract In this study, a chlorine dioxide solution (UC-1) composed of chlorine dioxide was produced using an electrolytic method and subsequently purified using a membrane. UC-1 was determined to contain 2000 ppm of gaseous chlorine dioxide in water. The efficacy and safety of UC-1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was more than 98.2% reduction when UC-1 concentrations were 5 and 20 ppm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of H1N1, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and EV71 were 84.65 ± 0.64, 95.91 ± 11.61, and 46.39 ± 1.97 ppm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test revealed that the cell viability of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells was 93.7% at a 200 ppm UC-1 concentration that is over that anticipated in routine use. Moreover, 50 ppm UC-1 showed no significant symptoms in a rabbit ocular irritation test. In an inhalation toxicity test, treatment with 20 ppm UC-1 for 24 h showed no abnormality and no mortality in clinical symptoms and normal functioning of the lung and other organs. A ClO₂ concentration of up to 40 ppm in drinking water did not show any toxicity in a subchronic oral toxicity test. Herein, UC-1 showed favorable disinfection activity and a higher safety profile tendency than in previous reports.Keywords: chlorine dioxide (PubChem CID: 24870), antimicrobial efficacy, antiviral assay, inhalation toxicity, subchronic oral toxicity Conclusions UC-1 was produced through a green process with clean starting materials and procedures. UC-1 solution demonstrated satisfactory antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Low toxicity was demonstrated through an in vitro cytoxicity test (high IC₅₀ 765 ± 18 ppm), 50 ppm ClO₂ did not cause eye irradiation in an ocular irritation test, mice did not exhibit abnormality and mortality in a 20 ppm ClO₂ inhalation toxicity test, and concentrations of UC-1 up to 40 ppm were nontoxic to mice for 90 days in subchronic oral toxicity test. Therefore, a higher safety profile for UC-1 than those yielded in previous studies was demonstrated. Article information Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Mar; 14(3): 329.Published online 2017 Mar 22. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030329PMCID: PMC5369164PMID: 28327506Jui-Wen Ma,^1,2Bin-Syuan Huang,¹Chu-Wei Hsu,¹Chun-Wei Peng,¹Ming-Long Cheng,¹Jung-Yie Kao,²Tzong-Der Way,^2,3,4Hao-Chang Yin,^1,* and Shan-Shue Wang^5,*Miklas Scholz, Academic Editor¹Unique Biotech Co., Ltd., Rm. 1, 22 F, No. 56, Minsheng 1st Road, Xinxing District, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan; moc.liamg@59245162a (J.-W.M.); moc.liamg@ezingocerlarihc (B.-S.H.); moc.liamg@100157iew (C.-W.H.); moc.liamg@72902280f (C.-W.P.); ten.tenih.asm@00eert.taerg (M.-L.C.)²Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan; moc.liamg@kyjsoib (J.-Y.K.); wt.ude.umc.liam@yawdt (T.-D.W.)³Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 41354, Taiwan⁴Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan⁵Department of Applied Cosmetology/Degree Program of Cosmetology and Health Care, Kao Yuan University, No. 1821, Zhongshan Road, Lujhu District, Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan^*Correspondence: moc.liamg@euqinu.euqil (H.-C.Y.); moc.liamg@861gnawss (S.-S.W.); Tel.: +886-7-222-5711 (H.-C.Y.); +886-7-607-7663 (S.-S.W.); Fax: +886-7-222-5719 (H.-C.Y.); +886-7-607-7050 (S.-S.W.)Received 2017 Feb 24; Accepted 2017 Mar 17.

Effect of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts J E Peeters et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Jun. Demineralized water was seeded with controlled numbers of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum purified from fresh calf feces and subjected to different treatments with ozone or chlorine dioxide. The disinfectants were neutralized by sodium thiosulfate, and neonatal mice were inoculated intragastrically and sacrificed 7 days later for enumeration of oocyst production. Preliminary trials indicated that a minimum infection level of 1,000 oocysts (0.1-ml inoculum) per mouse was necessary to induce 100% infection. Treatment of water containing 10(4) oocysts per ml with 1.11 mg of ozone per liter (concentration at time zero [C0]) for 6 min totally eliminated the infectivity of the oocysts for neonatal mice. A level of 2.27 mg of ozone per liter (C0) was necessary to inactivate water containing 5 x 10(5) oocysts per ml within 8 min. Also, 0.4 mg of chlorine dioxide per liter (C0) significantly reduced infectivity within 15 min of contact, although some oocysts remained viable.

Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus Takeshi Sanekata et al. Biocontrol Sci. 2010 Jun. We evaluated the antiviral activity of a chlorine dioxide gas solution (CD) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. CD at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm produced potent antiviral activity, inactivating >or= 99.9% of the viruses with a 15 sec treatment for sensitization. The antiviral activity of CD was approximately 10 times higher than that of SH.

Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. D G Korich, J R Mead, M S Madore, N A Sinclair, and C R SterlingAuthor informationCopyright and License informationDisclaimerThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine. Excystation and mouse infectivity were comparatively evaluated to assess oocyst viability. Ozone and chlorine dioxide more effectively inactivated oocysts than chlorine and monochloramine did. Greater than 90% inactivation as measured by infectivity was achieved by treating oocysts with 1 ppm of ozone (1 mg/liter) for 5 min. Exposure to 1.3 ppm of chlorine dioxide yielded 90% inactivation after 1 h, while 80 ppm of chlorine and 80 ppm of monochloramine required approximately 90 min for 90% inactivation. The data indicate that C. parvum oocysts are 30 times more resistant to ozone and 14 times more resistant to chlorine dioxide than Giardia cysts exposed to these disinfectants under the same conditions. With the possible exception of ozone, the use of disinfectants alone should not be expected to inactivate C. parvum oocysts in drinking water.

Research Article17 December 2020 Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide Authors: Jeanette A. Thurston-EnriquezJthurston2@unl.edu, Charles N. Haas, Joseph Jacangelo, and Charles P. GerbaAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONSDOI: ;• Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) inactivation experiments were conducted with adenovirus type 40 (AD40) and feline calicivirus (FCV). Experiments were carried out in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water under high- and low-pH and -temperature conditions. Ct values (the concentration of ClO₂ multiplied by contact time with the virus) were calculated directly from bench-scale experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model. AD40 Ct ranges for 4-log inactivation (Ct_99.99%) at 5°C were >0.77 to <1.53 mg/liter × min and >0.80 to <1.59 mg/liter × min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15°C AD40 experiments, >0.49 to <0.74 mg/liter × min and <0.12 mg/liter × min Ct_99.99% ranges were observed for pH 6 and 8, respectively. FCV Ct_99.99% ranges for 5°C experiments were >20.20 to <30.30 mg/liter × min and >0.68 mg/liter × min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15°C FCV experiments, Ct_99.99% ranges were >4.20 to <6.72 and <0.18 mg/liter × min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. Viral inactivation was higher at pH 8 than at pH 6 and at 15°C than at 5°C. Comparison of Ct values and inactivation curves demonstrated that the EFH model described bench-scale experiment data very well. Observed bench-scale Ct_99.99% ranges and EFH model Ct_99.99% values demonstrated that FCV is more resistant to ClO₂ than AD40 for the conditions studied. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance manual Ct_99.99% values are higher than Ct_99.99% values calculated from bench-scale experiments and from EFH model application.

Environ Health Perspect. 1982 Dec; 46: 57–62.doi: 10.1289/ehp.824657PMCID: PMC1569027PMID: 6961033Research Article Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man. J R Lubbers, S Chauan, and J R BianchineCopyright and License informationDisclaimerThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract To assess the relative safety of chronically administered chlorine water disinfectants in man, a controlled study was undertaken. The clinical evaluation was conducted in the three phases common to investigational drug studies. Phase I, a rising dose tolerance investigation, examined the acute effects of progressively increasing single doses of chlorine disinfectants to normal healthy adult male volunteers. Phase II considered the impact on normal subjects of daily ingestion of the disinfectants at a concentration of 5 mg/l. for twelve consecutive weeks. Persons with a low level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may be expected to be especially susceptible to oxidative stress; therefore, in Phase III, chlorite at a concentration of 5 mg/l. was administered daily for twelve consecutive weeks to a small group of potentially at-risk glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient subjects. Physiological impact was assessed by evaluation of a battery of qualitative and quantitative tests. The three phases of this controlled double-blind clinical evaluation of chlorine dioxide and its potential metabolites in human male volunteer subjects were completed uneventfully. There were no obvious undesirable clinical sequellae noted by any of the participating subjects or by the observing medical team. In several cases, statistically significant trends in certain biochemical or physiological parameters were associated with treatment; however, none of these trends was judged to have physiological consequence. One cannot rule out the possibility that, over a longer treatment period, these trends might indeed achieve proportions of clinical importance. However, by the absence of detrimental physiological responses within the limits of the study, the relative safety of oral ingestion of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites, chlorite and chlorate, was demonstrated.

Mechanistic aspects of ingested chlorine dioxide on thyroid function: impact of oxidants on iodide metabolism J P Bercz et al. Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Nov. Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disinfectants is expressed via their chemical interaction with the mucosal epithelia, secretory products, and nutritional contents of the alimentary tract. Evidence exists that a principal partner of this redox interaction is the iodide of nutritional origin that is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the observation that subchronic exposure to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in drinking water decreases serum thyroxine levels in mammalian species can be best explained with changes produced in the chemical form of the bioavailable iodide. Ongoing and previously reported mechanistic studies indicate that oxidizing agents such as chlorine-based disinfectants oxidize the basal iodide content of the gastrointestinal tract. The resulting reactive iodine species readily attaches to organic matter by covalent bonding. Evidence suggests that the extent to which such iodinated organics are formed is proportional to the magnitude of the electromotive force and stoichiometry of the redox couple between iodide and the disinfectant. Because the extent of thyroid uptake of the bioavailable iodide does not decrease during ClO2 ingestion, it seems that ClO2 does not cause iodide deficiency of sufficient magnitude to account for the decrease in hormonogenesis. Absorption of one or more of iodinated molecules, e.g., nutrients, hormones, or cellular constituents of the alimentary tract having thyromimetic or thyroid inhibitory properties, is a better hypothesis for the effects seen.

Subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and related compounds in drinking water in the nonhuman primate J P Bercz et al. Environ Health Perspect. 1982 Dec. Subchronic toxicities of ClO2, NaClO2, NaClO3 and NH2Cl were studied in the African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The chemicals were administered in drinking water during 30-60 days subchronic rising dose protocols. The only unexpected and significant toxic effect was elicited by ClO2; this chemical inhibited thyroid metabolism in the animals at a dose of ca. 9.0 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease of serum thyroxine occurred after the fourth week of exposure to 100 mg/l.concentration. The extent of thyroid suppression was dose dependent in each individual monkey, and was reversible after cessation of exposure. NaClO2 and NaClO3 failed to elicit similar effects in doses up to ca. 60 mg/kg/day. Also, NaClO4 or NH2Cl did not cause T-4 suppression in doses of 10 mg/kg/day. The selective thyroid effect of ClO2 was unexplained and it appeared to be paradoxical since ClO2 was rapidly reduced by the oral and gastric secretions to nonoxidizing species (presumably Cl-). No evidence of thyroid effects were detected in the serum of human volunteers who ingested approximately 1 mg/l. of ClO2 in drinking water as a result of routine use in the community water treatment process. Sodium chlorite induced dose-dependent oxidative stress on hematopoesis, causing decreased hemoglobin and red cell count and increased methemoglobin content. At the same time, serum transaminase (SGPT) levels showed significant subclinical elevation. The hematologic effects of NaClO2 rebounded during exposure indicating compensatory hemopoietic activity taking effect during oxidative stress. Sodium chlorate and chloramine did not induce detectable hematologic changes in the animals.

Chlorine Dioxide Is a Size-Selective Antimicrobial Agent Zoltán Noszticzius, Maria Wittmann, […], and János Szegedi Abstract Background / Aims ClO₂, the so-called “ideal biocide”, could also be applied as an antiseptic if it was understood why the solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals. Our aim was to find the source of that selectivity by studying its reaction-diffusion mechanism both theoretically and experimentally. Methods ClO₂ permeation measurements through protein membranes were performed and the time delay of ClO₂ transport due to reaction and diffusion was determined. To calculate ClO₂ penetration depths and estimate bacterial killing times, approximate solutions of the reaction-diffusion equation were derived. In these calculations evaporation rates of ClO₂ were also measured and taken into account. Results The rate law of the reaction-diffusion model predicts that the killing time is proportional to the square of the characteristic size (e.g. diameter) of a body, thus, small ones will be killed extremely fast. For example, the killing time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds in a 300 ppm ClO₂ solution. Thus, a few minutes of contact time (limited by the volatility of ClO₂) is quite enough to kill all bacteria, but short enough to keep ClO₂ penetration into the living tissues of a greater organism safely below 0.1 mm, minimizing cytotoxic effects when applying it as an antiseptic. Additional properties of ClO₂, advantageous for an antiseptic, are also discussed. Most importantly, that bacteria are not able to develop resistance against ClO₂ as it reacts with biological thiols which play a vital role in all living organisms. Conclusion Selectivity of ClO₂ between humans and bacteria is based not on their different biochemistry, but on their different size. We hope initiating clinical applications of this promising local antiseptic.

[Action modes of chlorine dioxide–a review] [Article in Chinese]Mingken Wei et al. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2012. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a highly effective disinfectant for food and potable water treatment. Till now, the action mode of ClO2 is still unclear. ClO2, can denature proteins by oxidizing tyrosine, tryptophan, and cysteine. We reviewed the pathways by which ClO02 reacts with important bio-molecules, as well as the primary target sites at individual cellular level of ClO2-induced biocidal effects.

Toxicological effects of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate D Couri et al. Environ Health Perspect. 1982 Dec. Review of the available literature obtained from both acute and chronic experiments utilizing rats, mice and chickens treated with ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3-in drinking water has demonstrated alterations in hematologic parameters in all species tested. The effects were usually dose related and marked changes occurred only at the higher dosages (up to 1000 mg/l.). In chronic studies, rats have been given ClO2 at doses of up to 1000 mg/l., and NaClO2 or NaClO3 at up to 100 mg/l., in their drinking water for one year. Treatment groups receiving ClO2, ClO2- or ClO3- showed alterations in erythrocyte morphology and osmotic fragility; at higher dosages mild hemolytic anemia occurred. An examination of blood glutathione content and RBC enzymes involving glutathione formation showed a dose-related diminution of glutathione in chlorine compound treated groups. The higher oxidative capacity of the chlorine compounds resulting in the decreased erythrocytic glutathione might well be the principal biochemical event leading to the other hematological alterations. More recent data show that ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- alter the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the nuclei of various organs of the rat. These data suggest the possibility of increased turnover cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa and inhibited DNA synthesis in several organs. In the latter category, most concern revolves around whether or not the apparent depression of DNA synthesis in the testes is associated with depressed spermatogenesis and reproductive toxicity in the male rat.

The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers J R Lubbers et al. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1984 Jul. The physiological impact of chronic 12 week ingestion of chlorine dioxide and its byproducts, chlorite and chlorate, was compared to the effects of chlorine, chloramine and untreated water. The water disinfectant solutions were administered daily (500 ml, 5 ppm) to normal healthy adult male volunteers. An extensive battery of tests was used to evaluate the physiological impact of the ingested water disinfectants. Upon analysis of both quantitative and qualitative parameters it was concluded that the 12 week chronic administration of chlorine dioxide and its byproducts was accompanied by no clinically important physiological effects.

Effects of the acute rising dose administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorate and chlorite to normal healthy adult male volunteers J R Lubbers et al. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1984 Jul. Chlorine dioxide is under consideration for use as a water disinfectant alternative to chlorination in the United States. A rising dose tolerance study was undertaken to assess the relative safety and tolerance of acute administration of chlorine dioxide and its byproducts, chlorite and chlorate, to normal healthy adult male volunteers. In evaluation of an extensive battery of laboratory tests and vital signs, no adverse physiological effects were identified. This provided a data base upon which a controlled 5-month study trial of these substances in normal healthy volunteer subjects was designed.

Front Microbiol. 2017 Jun 8;8:1031. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031. eCollection 2017. Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide- and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces

Naim Montazeri ¹, Clyde Manuel ¹, Eric Moorman ¹, Janak R Khatiwada ², Leonard L Williams ², Lee-Ann Jaykus ¹Affiliations 

• Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States.
• ²Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States.

• PMID: 28642746
• PMCID: PMC5462988
• DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031

Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log₁₀ reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m³, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log₁₀ reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log₁₀ reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log₁₀ reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m³ negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log₁₀ reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log₁₀ inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted.

Int J Food Microbiol. 2018 May 20;273:28-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.024. Epub 2018 Feb 1. Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide for the inactivation of Tulane virus on blueberries

David H Kingsley ¹, Rafael E Pérez-Pérez ², Brendan A Niemira ³, Xuetong Fan ⁴Affiliations

• ¹USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States. Electronic address: David.Kingsley@ars.usda.gov.
• ²USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States.
• ³USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Wyndmoor, PA, United States.
• ⁴USDA ARS ERRC Chemical Residue and Predictive Microbiology Research Unit, Wyndmoor, PA, United States.

• PMID: 29558681
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.024

To determine the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (gClO₂) against a human norovirus surrogate on produce, gClO₂ was generated and applied to Tulane virus-coated blueberries in a 240 ml-treatment chamber. gClO₂ was produced by an acidifying sodium chlorite solution. Initial assessments indicated that blueberries treated with gClO₂ generated from ≤1 mg acidified sodium chlorite in the small chamber appeared unaffected while gClO₂ generated from ≥10 mg of acidified sodium chlorite solution altered the appearance and quality of the blueberries. Treatments of inoculated blueberries with gClO₂ generated from 0.1 mg sodium chlorite reduced the virus populations by >1 log after exposure for 30 to 330 min. For the 1 mg sodium chlorite treatments, the virus populations were reduced by >2.2 log after 15 min exposure and to non-detectable levels (>3.3 logs reductions) after 180 min exposure. Measured concentrations of gClO₂ peaked in the treatment chamber at 0.9 μg/l after 10 min for 0.1 mg treatments and 600 μg/l after around 20 min for 1 mg treatment. Overall results indicate that gClO₂ could be a feasible waterless intervention for blueberries and other produce. Keywords: Blueberries; Chlorine dioxide; Gaseous; Norovirus. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Water Res. 2019 Jul 1;158:34-45. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.090. Epub 2019 Apr 1. QMRA of adenovirus in drinking water at a drinking water treatment plant using UV and chlorine dioxide disinfection

Jack Schijven ¹, Peter Teunis ², Trudy Suylen ³, Henk Ketelaars ³, Luc Hornstra ⁴, Saskia Rutjes ⁵Affiliations

• ¹National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: jack.schijven@rivm.nl.
• ²Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
• ³Evides Water Company, the Netherlands.
• ⁴KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
• ⁵National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

• PMID: 31015141
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.090

Abstract According to the Dutch Drinking Water Act of 2011, Dutch drinking water suppliers must conduct a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) for infection by the following index pathogens: enterovirus, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and Giardia at least once every four years in order to assess the microbial safety of drinking water. The health-based target for safe drinking water is set at less than one infection per 10 000 persons per year. At Evides Water Company, concern has arisen whether their drinking water treatment, mainly based on UV inactivation and chlorine dioxide, reduces levels of adenovirus (AdV) sufficiently. The main objective was, therefore, to conduct a QMRA for AdV. Estimates of the AdV concentrations in source water were based on enumeration of total AdV by integrated cell culture PCR (iccPCR), most probable number PCR (mpnPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and on enumeration of AdV40/41 by mpnPCR and qPCR. AdV40/41 represents a large fraction of total AdV and only a small fraction of AdV is infectious (1/1700). By comparison of literature data and plant scale data, somatic coliphages appeared a good, conservative indicator for AdV disinfection by UV irradiation. Similarly, bacteriophage MS2 appeared to be a good, conservative indicator for disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Literature data on the efficiency of chlorine dioxide disinfection were fitted with the extended HOM model. Chlorine dioxide disinfection at low initial concentrations (0.05-0.1 mg/l) was found to be the major treatment step, providing sufficient treatment on its own for compliance with the health-based target. UV disinfection of AdV at 40 mJ/cm² or 73 mJ/cm² was insufficient without chlorine dioxide disinfection. Keywords: Adenovirus; Chlorine dioxide disinfection; Drinking water; PCR; QMRA. Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Cell apoptosis inducer containing chlorine dioxide and use thereof in preparing cosmetics or anti-aging or antineoplastic drugs The present invention relates to a cell apoptosis inducer containing chlorine dioxide. The present invention relates to a cell apoptosis inducer kit containing the following two independent components: the first component: a chlorine dioxide precursor solid, or a solution containing a chlorine dioxide precursor; and the second component: an auqeous solution of an acidity pH adjuster; the two components are stored separately, and can be mixed before use so that in-situ reaction occurs and the cell apoptosis inducer containing chlorine dioxide is prepared; and the amounts and concentrations of the first component and the second component enable the pH of the mixed solution to be 1.5-6.5. The present invention further relates to use of the cell apoptosis inducer containing chlorine dioxide or the cell apoptosis inducer kit containing chlorine dioxide in preparing drugs for treating tumors, or use thereof in preparing anti-aging drugs for target tissues of mammals, or use thereof as cosmetics, or use thereof in preparing chemotherapeutic drugs. Classifications A61K8/20 Halogens; Compounds thereofView 4 more classifications WO2016074203A1 WIPO (PCT) Download PDF Find Prior Art SimilarOther languagesFrenchChineseInventor刘学武

Injection containing chlorine dioxide and method for making same Disclosed is an injection containing chlorine dioxide in therapeutic applications such as in-vivo stem cell regeneration, anti-tumor and anti-aging. The chlorine dioxide injection of the present invention has a high pharmacological effect and a low toxic or side effect, enabling ablation of tumors and promotion of in-situ tissue regeneration. Particularly, the chlorine dioxide injection stimulates an immune response through the ablation of target tumors, causing the immune system to inhibit or eliminate distal tumors or metastatic tumors. A method for making the chlorine dioxide injection is further provided. Classifications A61K33/00 Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredientsView 4 more classifications US20190015445A1 United States Download PDF Find Prior Art SimilarInventorXuewu LiuXueyan LIU

INJECTION CONTAINING CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAMEPublication number: 20190015445Abstract: Disclosed is an injection containing chlorine dioxide in therapeutic applications such as in-vivo stem cell regeneration, anti-tumor and anti-aging. The chlorine dioxide injection of the present invention has a high pharmacological effect and a low toxic or side effect, enabling ablation of tumors and promotion of in-situ tissue regeneration. Particularly, the chlorine dioxide injection stimulates an immune response through the ablation of target tumors, causing the immune system to inhibit or eliminate distal tumors or metastatic tumors. A method for making the chlorine dioxide injection is further provided.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 4, 2018Publication date: January 17, 2019Inventor: Xuewu LIU

Pharmaceutical composition for treating infectious diseases Abstract The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for systemic, particularly parenteral treatment of infectious diseases, based on an aqueous, sterile and pyrogen-free solution of chlorine dioxide, which contains 5 to 1000 mg/l (ppm) dissolved chlorine dioxide (CI02) and preferably 3 to 10 g/l of an ionic tonicity regulator, optionally in combination with a non-ionic tonicity regulator. The composition additionally preferably contains a pH regulator, particularly a pH buffer system, adjusted to pH 7.3-7.5, and can furthermore contain DMSO or MSM. In the ready-to-use state, the composition is free of chlorate ions, hydrochloric acid and gaseous chlorine, or contains said components in a concentration of 1 mg/L (1 ppm) at maximum each. Classifications A61K9/0019 Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive mannerView 12 more classifications WO2018185346A1 WIPO (PCT) Download PDF Find Prior Art SimilarOther languagesGermanFrenchInventorAndreas Ludwig KALCKER

Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls CAS# 335-67-1, 1763-23-1, 355-46-4, 375-95-1
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Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment Laurent Schwartz Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue Victoria 75003 Paris, France Abstract A first patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has decided, on his own, to refuse chemotherapy but to treat himself with lipoïc acid, hydroxycitrate combined with oral ingestion of chlorine dioxide. His blood tests and radiological examinations have almost normalized and the disease is stable at 18 months. Another patient with hormone resistant metastatic prostate cancer has experienced a sharp drop in PSA level as well as improved medical condition. From extensive literature review, the mechanism of action of chlorine dioxide is unknown. It is our hypothesis (albeit unproven) that chlorine dioxide results in tumor cell acidification of the alkaline pH of cancer cells.

CRISIS SANITARIA
Detectan el coronavirus en aguas residuales de Barcelona de marzo de 2019 Investigadores de la UB lo han detectado en estas fechas, lo que significaría que estaba presente un año antes de que se declarara la pandemia a nivel mundial Coronavirus en España: última hora de los rebrotes y ‘nueva normalidad’, en directo Agencias
Barcelona26/06/2020 13:33Actualizado a 26/06/2020 23:02 Investigadores de la Universidad de Barcelona (UB) han detectado la presencia del SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de aguas residuales recogidas en Barcelona el 12 de marzo de 2019, lo que significa que estaba presente un año antes de que se declarara la pandemia de coronavirus a nivel mundial (11 de marzo de 2020) y se decretara el estado de alarma en España (14 de marzo de 2020). Tal como ha informado la UB en un comunicado, la presencia del virus causante de la Covid-19 en dichas fechas probaría que la infección circulaba mucho antes de que se tuviera constancia.