- Ilan, Tal (2002). Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE–200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91). Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129.
- ^ Stern, David (1992). Jewish New Testament Commentary. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5.
During the second Temple period (beginning 538 BC–70 AD), Yeshua first became a known form of the name Yehoshua. All occurrences of Yeshua in the Hebrew Bible are in 1 Chronicles 24:11, 2 Chronicles 31:15, Ezra, and Nehemiah where it is transliterated into English as Jeshua. Two of these men (Joshua the son of Nun and Joshua the High Priest) are mentioned in other books of the Hebrew Bible where they are instead called Yehoshua [29] (transliterated into English as Joshua).
The earlier form Yehoshua did not disappear, however, and remained in use as well. In the post-exilic books, Joshua the son of Nun is called both Yeshua bin-Nun (Nehemiah 8:17) and Yehoshua (1 Chronicles 7:27). The short form Yeshua was used for Jesus ben Sirach in Hebrew fragments of the Wisdom of Sirach. (Some concern remains over whether these fragments faithfully represent the original Hebrew text or are instead a later translation back into Hebrew.)[30] The earlier form Yehoshua saw revived usage from the Hasmonean period onwards, although the name Yeshua is still found in letters from the time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135 AD).
- Price, James D. Yehoshua, Yeshua or Yeshu; Which one is the name of Jesus in Hebrew?, accessed March 6, 2006.
- ^ William Chomsky, Hebrew: The Eternal Language, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1957 p.140
Aramaic and Classical Syriac render the pronunciation of the same letters as ܝܫܘܥ yeshuuʿ (yešuʿ) /jeʃuʕ/ and ܝܫܘܥ ishoʿ (išoʿ) /iʃoʕ/. The Aramaic Bibles and the Syriac Peshitta preserve these same spellings. Current scholarly consensus posits that the New Testament texts were translated from the Greek, but this theory is not supported directly at least by the name for Jesus, which is not a simple transliteration of the Greek form as would otherwise be expected, as Greek did not have a “sh” [ʃ] sound, and substituted [s]; and likewise lacked and therefore omitted the final ʿayn ([ʕ]).
The Aramaic of the Peshitta does not distinguish between Joshua and Jesus, and the Lexicon of William Jennings gives the same form of ܝܫܘܥ for both names.[6]
“Word ‘y$w(‘”. dukhrana.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
–
The terms mefareshim and parshanim (commentaries/commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.
The oldest full manuscript of the Talmud, known as the Munich Talmud (Codex Hebraicus 95), dates from 1342 and is available online.[c]
[c] At http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00003409/images/index.html
Ἑβρᾰῐ̈στῐ́ • (Hebraïstí)
- in the Hebrew or Aramaic language quotations ▲
- 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 5:2
–
In Judaism, ritual washing, or ablution, takes two main forms. Tevilah (טְבִילָה) is a full body immersion in a mikveh, and netilat yadayim is the washing of the hands with a cup (see Handwashing in Judaism).
These practices are most commonly observed within Orthodox Judaism. In Conservative Judaism, the practices are normative, with certain leniencies and exceptions. Ritual washing is not generally performed in Reform Judaism.
Infant Baptism is Not in the Bible! Answers to Common Objections V Seriatim. JULY 29, 2018 BY SCOTT ERIC ALT
Acts 2:38-39. Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. The promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off—for all whom the Lord our God will call.
Colossians 2:11-12. In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ: buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead.
We are told that baptism is only for adults who can speak for themselves. But the Church fathers did not see it that way.
Hippolytus, in A.D. 215 (The Apostolic Tradition 21:16), writes: “The children shall be baptized first. All of the children who can answer for themselves, let them answer. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, or someone else from their family.”
One does not have to be able to speak for himself; it is enough that a parent (or other relative) do so.
Origen, in Homilies on Leviticus 8:3:11 (A.D. 244), writes: “According to the usage of the Church, baptism is given even to infants.”
Four years later, in Commentaries on Romans, Origen said that the practice of infant baptism came “from the apostles.”
In A.D. 253, the Council of Carthage condemned withholding baptism from infants.
That same year, St. Cyprian wrote (Letters 64:2) in defense of baptising infants within the first few days after their birth. “The old law of circumcision,” he said, “must be taken into consideration.” So like Paul in Colossians, Cyprian affirmed that baptism is the new circumcision.
In A.D. 388, St. John Chrysostom, in Instructions to Catechumens, says that baptism “takes away our sins,” “as if we were born again,” and therefore even infants are baptized.
In A.D. 407, St. Gregory of Naziansus, in an Oration on Holy Baptism, said: “Have you an infant child? Do not let sin get any opportunity, but let him be sanctified [i.e., baptized] from his childhood.” Gregory certainly spoke as though baptism were a sacrament.
In A.D. 408, in Literal Interpretation of Genesis, St. Augustine affirmed that infant baptism was “apostolic” and “not to be scorned.”
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/scottericalt/common-objections-infant-baptism/
Despite the fact that non-baptized individuals who are not responsible for their ignorance can be saved (CCC 847), “the Church still has the obligation and also the sacred right to evangelize all men” (CCC 848). https://www.catholic.com/qa/is-baptism-necessary-for-salvation-or-not
The Catechism, however, adds a caution: “God has bound salvation to the Sacrament of Baptism, but He Himself is not bound by His sacraments” (No.1257). Besides the normal ritual baptism of water and invocation of the Holy Trinity, the Church has also accepted two other forms of baptism a baptism of blood and a baptism of desire. While these two forms are not the Sacrament of Baptism per se, they do render the same graces and effects (Catechism, No.1258). https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/is-baptism-necessary-for-salvation.html
The Hebrew Bible requires immersion of the body in water as a means of purification in several circumstances, for example:And when the zav is cleansed of his issue, then he shall number to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his clothes; and he shall bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean.[1]
There are also references to hand-washing:And whoever the zav touches, without having rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.[2]I will wash my hands in innocency; so will I compass Thine altar, O LORD.[3]
Priests were required to wash their hands and feet before service in the Temple:Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and the base thereof of brass, whereat to wash; and thou shalt put it between the tent of meeting and the altar, and thou shalt put water therein. And Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat; when they go into the tent of meeting, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to cause an offering made by fire to smoke unto the LORD.[4]
There are several occasions on which biblical or rabbinical regulations require immersion of the whole body, referred to as tevilah. Depending on the circumstances, such ritual bathing might require immersion in “living water” – either by using a natural stream or by using a mikveh (a specially constructed ritual bath, connected directly to a natural source of water, such as a spring).
This article discusses the requirements of immersion in Rabbinic Judaism and its descendants. Some other branches of Judaism, such as Haymanot Judaism, have substantially different practices including the requirement of an actual spring or stream.
Current practice
Occasions on which full-body immersion is currently practiced include:
- After a woman’s niddah period concludes following menstruation or other uterine bleeding, she must immerse and only then is permitted to resume sexual relations with her husband.[5] This practice remains the principal use of contemporary mikvehs. It is fully observed in Orthodox Judaism, and normative in Conservative Judaism.
- Some Orthodox men immerse after having a seminal discharge (keri).[6]
- In Orthodox Judaism, there is a widespread minhag for men, to immerse themselves on the day prior to Yom Kippur, and many do so before the three pilgrimage festivals and before Rosh Hashanah. Many also immerse themselves before the Shabbat, and many (primarily Hasidic Jews) do so daily before morning prayers.
- A convert to Judaism must immerse.[7]
- Taharah, (“Purification”), the ritual washing and cleansing, and immersion in a mikveh according to many customs, of a Jew’s body prior to burial
- Prior to ascending the Temple Mount (by those Orthodox or Masorti authorities who permit ascending the Temple Mount)
- Babylonian Talmud, tractate Shabbath 64b.
- ^ Although the Shulchan Aruch (OC 88) rules that they repealed the requirement of this immersion, it is still considered a pious practice to continue to observe it.
- ^ Rabbi Maurice Lamm. “The Mikveh’s Significance in Traditional Conversion”. My Jewish Learning.
Mikveh or mikvah (Hebrew: מִקְוֶה / מקווה, Modern:mīqve, Tiberian:mīqwe, pl. mikva’ot, mikvoth, mikvot, or (Yiddish) mikves,[1][2] lit., “a collection”) is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism[3] to achieve ritual purity.
- Sivan, Reuven; Edward A Levenston (1975). The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English dictionary. Toronto; New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-26387-0.
- ^ Lauden, Edna (2006). Multi Dictionary. Tel Aviv: Ad Publications. p. 397. ISBN 965-390-003-X.
- ^ “Concerning Ritual Purity and Cleanliness”
Patrick Clarke is an Egyptologist with primary interests in the pharaonic tombs of the Valley of the Kings, particularly the tomb cutting techniques, wall decorating, and associated texts. Long ago convinced that the Egyptian chronology is over-extended by several centuries, Patrick has spent two decades researching into, and writing about, the conflicts of the Egyptian chronology with that of the Old Testament. He is constructing a revised chronology demonstrating that the Old Testament history from the beginning of Genesis onwards is completely reliable. Patrick currently resides in France with his wife Anne, and son Daniel. https://creation.com/patrick-clarke
REVIEW https://vision.org.au/foundations-associated-blog/messiah-suffering-servant-or-victorious-king-pt-2-2/ https://www.oneforisrael.org/bible-based-teaching-from-israel/jesus-really-messiah-come-no-world-peace/ https://reformjudaism.org/learning/answers-jewish-questions/do-reform-jews-believe-messiah https://mizrachi.org/hamizrachi/book-review-the-dawn-of-redemption/ https://www.hadavar.org/critical-issues/anti-missionary-arguments/tampering-with-the-text/isaiah-5310/
אמר רבי אלכסנדרי רבי יהושע בן לוי רמי כתיב (דניאל ז, יג) וארו עם ענני שמיא כבר אינש אתה וכתיב (זכריה ט, ט) עני ורוכב על חמור זכו עם ענני שמיא לא זכו עני רוכב על חמור
Rabbi Alexandri says: Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi raises a contradiction between two depictions of the coming of the Messiah. It is written: “There came with the clouds of heaven, one like unto a son of man…and there was given him dominion and glory and a kingdom…his dominion is an everlasting dominion” (Daniel 7:13–14). And it is written: “Behold, your king will come to you; he is just and victorious; lowly and riding upon a donkey and upon a colt, the foal of a donkey” (Zechariah 9:9). Rabbi Alexandri explains: If the Jewish people merit redemption, the Messiah will come in a miraculous manner with the clouds of heaven. If they do not merit redemption, the Messiah will come lowly and riding upon a donkey.
https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.98a.13?lang=bi
Two Messiahs in Judaism: Ben David and Ben Joseph by Garrett Smith | May 01 2004 https://jewsforjesus.org/learn/two-messiahs-in-judaism-ben-david-and-ben-joseph
Literature throughout the ages is replete with stories of mysterious and enigmatic kings, cryptic characters whose rule is often full of uncertain sorrows, yet strangely hopeful. Aragorn, the ranger-turned-ruler in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings trilogy is one example. There were those who believed in Aragorn’s right to the throne from the very beginning and others who refused to submit to his rule until the very end, when he proved himself in battle. For much of the series, his true identity is cloaked in mystery. Is he a gallant king, or an honorable man, or both?
Throughout history, human imagination has been captivated by such figures, and for good reason. Sometimes imagination hints at the greater reality.
The Bible presents us with a mysterious king as well. Some of the most seemingly enigmatic, yet detailed, descriptions of this king occur in the prophetic book of Zechariah, written over 2,500 years ago. Over the centuries, various attempts have been made to explain this kingly figure. Some have concluded that he is the long-awaited Messiah. Others say we can’t know anything about him for sure. Still others say he is the carpenter from Nazareth about whom the whole world wonders.
Why did this ancient Jewish prophet obsess over this kingly character? Is it possible to understand this seemingly inscrutable figure? What could his kingship mean to us today? Let’s take a look.
Zechariah’s Prophecy of the Coming Messiah
Though Zechariah was born during the exile of Israel to Babylon, his writing occurred once the Jewish people were back in the Land. Jewish tradition maintains that the prophet Zechariah was a man of the Great Synagogue, the group that is believed to have carefully preserved the Hebrew Scriptures and traditions during the period after the exile.
Along with remembering the past, Zechariah, whose name means “The Lord Remembers,” speaks much in terms of God’s promises for Israel’s future. According to Zechariah, this future for Israel includes eventual total restoration of the Jewish people to her former glory. Zechariah is trying to preserve hope. And for Israel, this hope is inextricably linked to a king who was yet to come. Zechariah chooses to focus much of his writing describing this coming king.
Most of us today have learned to distrust our leaders. With the United States in the throes of an election year, cynicism, skepticism, and disillusionment are the reigning forces. And yet, deep down, most of us could admit we wish there were someone who had our best interests at heart, a leader who truly desired to improve our lot and could actually make things better. It’s the “better” that we all long for.
What Zechariah tells us is that there is such a person. He is the king who is to come, the fulfillment of our hopes for a leader who will not disappoint us. Since that person has been promised to us, it’s well worth considering the details of that promise so that we can recognize this king when and if he comes.
Messiah ben Joseph: The Peaceful Reign of the Messiah
Israel certainly had her share of disappointing kings. The books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles attest to this history. But in Zechariah 9:9-10, the prophet points to a coming king who is unique.
Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion!
Shout in triumph, O daughter of Jerusalem!
Behold, your king is coming to you;
He is just and endowed with salvation,
Humble, and mounted on a donkey,
Even on a colt, the foal of a donkey.
And He will speak peace to the nations;
And His dominion will be from sea to sea,
And from the River to the ends of the earth.
This isn’t just any king. The prophet tells the people of Israel to be joyful, to get excited, because the promised one, the one sent from God, the long awaited king, is coming. And so this passage has been interpreted as messianic; that is, it is often supposed that the king in this passage is none other than the Messiah, the savior of Israel.
Traditional Judaism teaches that “the messiah is a G-d fearing, pious Jew, who is both a Torah scholar and a great leader. He is to be a direct descendant of King David, anointed as the new Jewish King. (In fact, the Hebrew word for messiah ‘Moshiach’ means ‘anointed one.’)”1
The king is not coming to fight a war; he comes in gentleness and meekness.
Many Jewish people do not give much thought to the coming of a Messiah anymore, and those who do often picture him as a mighty conqueror, even a superhero-type figure. But here in Zechariah 9, the picture is very different. The king is not coming to fight a war; he comes in gentleness and meekness. He is the king over all the earth, and he has all authority, but he comes in this humble fashion, riding on a baby donkey, as opposed to a chariot or even a great horse.
This passage of Scripture provides a picture of a Messiah-king, a deliverer of salvation, gently offering his kingship to Israel and to the world. He is a man of peace for all peoples. He will proclaim peace to all the nations, not just to Israel.
In our world today, peaceful people may win prizes, but they don’t necessarily command authority. We’ve come to expect a certain amount of confidence, even arrogance, from our leaders. We expect them to do what they have to do to maintain order. Especially in Israel and the Middle East, it is difficult to fathom that someone could come to such power on peaceful terms. A king who does not fight? Yet in this passage, that is exactly what is promised.
Messiah ben David: The Powerful Reign of the Messiah
Later, however, Zechariah gives another description of the coming king, a picture quite different from that of chapter 9. Let’s take a brief look at the context for his statement:
For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle, and the city will be captured. Then the Lord will go forth and fight against those nations, as when He fights on a day of battle. In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which is in front of Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in its middle from east to west by a very large valley, so that half of the mountain will move toward the north and the other half toward the south. (Zechariah 14:2-4)
This picture is very much like an epic battle scene from a movie full of bloodshed and tragedy and triumph. Then, in verses 8 and 9 we read:
And in that day living waters will flow out of Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea and the other half toward the western sea; it will be in summer as well as in winter. And the Lord will be king over all the earth; in that day the Lord will be the only one, and His name the only one. (Zechariah 14:8-9)
Chapters 9 and 14 are the central passages in Zechariah telling of this king who will reign over all the earth. In chapter 9, the king is humble, but in chapter 14, he is a force to be reckoned with. In the latter picture, the king is a conqueror; he comes in wrath, meting out judgment to the enemies of Israel. This is perhaps a more traditional picture of Messiah, a mighty hero who fights on our behalf.
This passage seems to suggest that this Messiah-king is none other than the Lord God himself, God coming to fight on behalf of his people.
Mysteriously, this passage seems to suggest that this Messiah-king is none other than the Lord God himself, God coming to fight on behalf of his people. In any case, we are presented with a dramatically different picture of the king here than the one we see in Zechariah 9.
Two Descriptions, Two Messiahs?
So the question is, does this king who reigns over all the earth come gently, riding on a donkey in peace, or in great wrath, ready to do battle? Is Zechariah contradicting himself? This is a big puzzle for Jewish scholars as well. But this is not the only place in the Scriptures where we find seemingly divergent pictures of Messiah. For example, Micah 5 tells us he is born in Bethlehem, the city of David. But in Daniel 7, the prophet tells us he will arrive riding on the clouds of heaven as predicted in Daniel 9, or will he come in regal splendor and reign forever, as Isaiah 9 tells us? Is he the suffering servant of Isaiah 53 or a royal king portrayed in Psalm 2?
In response to these two seemingly opposite pictures of Messiah, some rabbis decided that there must be two messiahs, the Messiah ben Joseph, who would come and suffer, and the Messiah ben David, who would come as a conquering king.
Another Jewish tradition explains the two contrasting portraits of Messiah like this: “If the people of Israel will be righteous, the Messiah will come in the clouds of Heaven. If they will not be righteous, he will come as a poor man riding upon an ass” (Sanhedrin 98a).
Are such explanations necessary or is it possible that one individual might “fit the bill” of both pictures, someone who would be both a king of peace and a king of power, a humble servant and a conqueror? If so, what would this extraordinary person look like?
The One Peaceful and Powerful Messiah
There is still another Jewish view concerning the two pictures of the Messiah-king that accurately fulfills the portrait we see in Zechariah and elsewhere in the Hebrew Scriptures. This view actually predates the other two mentioned. It’s the position presented in the New Testament.
The writers of the New Testament were Jewish people, living in the first century, who believed that the prophecies in the Hebrew Scriptures described one Messiah, a great king who was to come twice, first as a servant, then as conqueror. They believed that Yeshua (Jesus) was the fulfillment of both expectations.
Yeshua was not a typical king. His was a life marked by humility. He was a man of gentleness and peace. But the peace he offered was different from what most people think about; it was a peace that comes from the depth of personal spiritual solutions that Yeshua offered to people who would follow him.
“Peace I leave with you; My peace I give to you; not as the world gives, do I give to you. Let not your heart be troubled, nor let it be fearful.” (John 14:27)
“For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save that which is lost.” (Luke 19:10)
Near the close of Yeshua’s life on earth, he called to his disciples to get a donkey with its colt. Just before Passover, Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a colt of a donkey, fulfilling the prophecy Zechariah gave more than 500 years earlier. And the people shouted and rejoiced:
“Hosha-na to the Son of David; Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord; Hosha-na in the highest!” (Matthew 21:9)
The people were shouting, “Save us!” They understood that their king had come and that he was offering powerful, life-changing salvation to those who would welcome him. In fact, the name “Yeshua” means “God saves.”
Though Yeshua did not usher in an age of “peace on earth” as many hoped then and many wish for today, he did offer peace with God to everyone willing to trust in him and the atonement for sin he offered through his death and resurrection.
Yeshua was a man of peace, but he was also a man of strength. He boldly proclaimed himself to be the Messiah, the Son of God, even though he knew that he would be crucified for these claims.
That’s because Yeshua also knew that he possessed the power of an indestructible life. Though he was to die, he knew that he would rise again. Consider his words to a Jewish audience:
“I lay down My life that I may take it again. No one has taken it away from Me, but I lay it down on My own initiative. I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to take it up again.” (John 10:17-18)
It was a hard claim to believe, and yet many witnessed Jesus’ resurrection and were willing to die proclaiming the truth of his life. Today, millions of people around the world wait for his return.
What will that return look like? According to Zechariah, it will be a day of judgment but also a day of deliverance for those who honor the king:
Then the survivors from all the nations that have attacked Jerusalem will go up year after year to worship the King, the Lord Almighty. (Zechariah 14:6)
So the king came first to offer his kingship, to give people the chance to enthrone him. One day, he’ll come again to take by force what is rightfully his. Like a parent dealing with children, the father or mother hopes the children will obey on their own, so they begin dealing with them gently, but, when the children refuse to submit, the parents insist and enforce their will with resolve. This is the picture Zechariah paints of the king who has come, the one who will come again.
The Messiah Who Has Come & Who Will Come Again
The book of Zechariah does not explicitly state that Messiah will come twice, yet we do see two pictures of the king, coming once as a man of peace and again as a conquering king. Without a doubt, these passages should cause one to stop and think. Is it necessary to believe in two Messiahs? Or is it possible that he came to live among us 2,000 ago and that he’ll come again to be enthroned as the victorious, reigning king?
In the third and final book of The Lord of the Rings, after a long, wearying battle, Aragorn finally takes up his throne. And Tolkien writes this scene wherein one of the hobbits encounters Gandalf, the wizard he thought had been vanquished:
“Gandalf! I thought you were dead! But then I thought I was dead myself. Is everything sad going to come untrue? What’s happened to the world?” “A great Shadow has departed,” said Gandalf, and then he laughed, and the sound was like music, or like water in a parched land. It fell upon his ears like the echo of all the joys he had ever known.”2
Tolkien’s words are a good illustration of the yearning in the human soul for a time when all that is wrong will be made right. But it will take an extraordinary individual to accomplish this, a figure like the one portrayed in the mosaic of messianic prophecies we are given in the Hebrew Scriptures and like the one we confront in the accounts of Yeshua’s life.
Those who believe Yeshua is the Messiah have seen how he fulfills these expectations. Because of what he did in his first coming, we can be assured that he will return. Yes, the king will return.
Those who believe Yeshua is the Messiah have seen how he fulfills these expectations. Because of what he did in his first coming, we can be assured that he will return. Yes, the king will return.
The final question remains: Are you prepared to welcome him as your king? Will you welcome him now?
Endnotes
1. “In Judaism, who is the Messiah?,” aish.com, November 3, 2002, http://www.aish.com/jl/li/m/48924282.html.
2. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of the Lord of the Rings (New York: Ballantine Books, 1955), 246
REVIEW https://ravberland.com/knishta-chada-issue-54-moshiach-come-on-motzei-shiviis-but-when-does-he-reveal-himself/#
https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/eastman_mark/messiah/sfm_07.cfm
The Zohar also draws from the Bible commentaries written by medieval rabbis, including Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra, David Kimhi and even authorities as late as Nahmanides and Maimonides, and earlier mystical texts such as the Sefer Yetzirah and the Bahir and the medieval writings of the Hasidei Ashkenaz.
Sharing is caringFacebookX / TwitterLinkedInWhatsAppTelegramRedditEmail4967 words · 171 views