Coeducat

Comisión: Comisión proyecto de leyComisión Sexta o de Transportes y Comunicaciones

No. de proyecto: Cámara: 229/2021C

Senado: Legislatura: Periodo Legislativo2021 – 2022 Origen: OrigenCámara

Fecha de radicación: Cámara: 2021-08-11

Senado: Tipo: Tipo LeyLey Ordinaria Contenido: Ver documento

Gaceta N 1073 de 2021

Objeto de proyecto: La presente iniciativa legislativa tiene como propósito fundamental solucionar algunos de los diversos conflictos sociales derivados de la deficiente educación sexual y reproductiva en el país, la cual, y como se encuentra actualmente, no solo no cuenta con una frecuencia en su impartición (existiendo establecimientos educativos, especialmente públicos, en los que ni siquiera se ha implementado), sino que tampoco responde a las necesidades y derechos de niñas, niños y jóvenes, lo cual los expone a serios riesgos para su salud y su vida.

Observaciones: Primer debate cámara

PONENTES Coordinador(es): H.R. Martha Patricia Villalba Hodwalker Publicaciones Ponencia Primer Debate Gaceta N 1750 de 2021 Mineducacion Gaceta N 1456 de 2022 Comentario Organizaciones a favor de la vida Gaceta N 1376 de 2022

Acta y Fecha de anuncio Comisión Acta 28 Fecha 29/03/22 Acta y Fecha de aprobación Comisión Acta 29 Fecha 30/03/22

Escándalo en España por la distribución de cartillas que enseñan a niños de tres años a masturbarse: “Una aberración” Se pide que la actividad se haga en una clase tranquila “con música” y que se permita explorar a los pequeños las sensaciones en su cuerpo con diferentes objetos. 2/12/2022

Coeduca’t @coeduca_t Com podem portar la coeducació a l’aula i al centre en el seu conjunt? A l’escola Sant Jeroni (Sant Pere de Riudebitlles), ens ho expliquen @sirarita, la Glòria i la Sara. Posar les cures al centre i transformar les relacions entre nenes i nens, entre docents i famílies #Coeducat 4:54 a. m. · 24 sept. 2022

La formación ha presentado un folleto de denuncia en el que aparecen imágenes extraídas de la página ‘kit del placer’, de la asociación Sidaestudi, que, según apunta, «recibe anualmente más de 300.000 euros de subvenciones de la Generalitat». Según ha podido comprobar ABC, la página ‘Kit del placer’ es una de las que aparecen como material de consulta en el programa ‘Coeduca’t’ dirigido a los alumnos de tercero y cuarto curso de ESO.

La educación secundaria (separada en una parte obligatoria y otra posobligatoria). La Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) consta de cuatro cursos, entre los 12 y los 16 años. Igualmente, es sufragada mediante impuestos en instituciones públicas y concertadas. La educación secundaria posobligatoria alude a cuatro enseñanzas independientes entre ellas y que exigen para ser cursadas la posesión del título de la ESO: el bachillerato (dos cursos), la formación profesional de Grado Medio, las enseñanzas profesionales de artes plásticas y diseño de Grado Medio, y las enseñanzas deportivas de Grado Medio.

Aragonès defiende el programa ‘Coeduca’t’ de educación sexual y cree que “se tendría que ampliar” Publicado: 30/11/2022 14:25

La Generalitat Valenciana enseña a los jóvenes el ‘chemsex’: cómo hacer del sexo con drogas una “práctica segura” Una campaña del IVAJ da recomendaciones para reducir riesgos, mientras expertos advierten de que esta práctica no puede ser nunca “segura”

Mum furious after daughter, 8, taught about masturbation in school Brooke Davies Tuesday 29 Nov 2022 6:15 pm

A mother is ‘very angry’ after a primary school taught her eight-year-old daughter about masturbation. 

The woman, who wishes to remain anonymous, said her child’s teacher showed the year 4 class a three-minute video of a cartoon rocket launching and a volcano erupting, symbolising an erection and ejaculation.

Called ‘Top signs boys are going through puberty’, the video, which includes a talking pimple and smiling sperm, went ‘too far’, according to the mum.

Mother’s fury at primary school for teaching her eight-year-old daughter about masturbation by showing video titled ‘top signs boys are in puberty’ in sex education lesson By Andrew Chamberlain For Mailonline11:27 GMT 29 Nov 2022 , updated 12:46 GMT 29 Nov 2022

Noah

This T and O map, from the first printed version of Isidore‘s Etymologiae (Augsburg 1472), identifies the three known continents (Asia, Europe and Africa) as respectively populated by descendants of Sem (Shem), Iafeth (Japheth) and Cham (Ham).

1823 map by Robert Wilkinson (see also 1797 version here). Prior to the mid-19th century, Shem was associated with all of Asia, Ham with all of Africa and Japheth with all of Europe.

Based on an old Jewish tradition contained in the Aramaic Targum of pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel,^[32] an anecdotal reference to the Origines gentium in Genesis 10:2–ff has been passed down, and which, in one form or another, has also been relayed by Josephus in his Antiquities,^[33] repeated in the Talmud,^[34] and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by Saadia Gaon,^[35] Josippon,^[36] and Don Isaac Abarbanel,^[37] who, based on their own knowledge of the nations, showed their migratory patterns at the time of their compositions:

“The sons of Japheth are Gomer,^[38] and Magog,^[39] and Madai,^[40][41] and Javan,^[42] and Tuval,^[43] and Meshech^[44] and Tiras,^[45] while the names of their diocese are Africa proper,^[a] and Germania,^[46] and Media, and Macedonia, and Bithynia,^[47] and Moesia (var. Mysia) and Thrace. Now, the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz,^[48] and Rifath^[49] and Togarmah,^[50][51] while the names of their diocese are Asia,^[52] and Parthia and the ‘land of the barbarians.’ The sons of Javan were Elisha,^[b] and Tarshish,^[c] Kitim^[53] and Dodanim,^[54] while the names of their diocese are Elis,^[55] and Tarsus, Achaia^[56] and Dardania.” —Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:2–5

“The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and Miṣrayim,^[57] and Fūṭ (Phut),^[58] and Kenaʻan,^[59] while the names of their diocese are Arabia, and Egypt, and Elīḥerūq^[60] and Canaan. The sons of Kūš are Sebā^[61] and Ḥawīlah^[62] and Savtah^[63] and Raʻamah and Savteḫā,^[64] [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan].^[65] The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae,^[d] and Hīndīqī,^[e] Samarae,^[f] Lūbae,^[66] Zinğae,^[g] while the sons of Mauretinos^[h] are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ.”^[67] —Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:6–7

“The sons of Shem are Elam,^[68] and Ashur,^[69] and Arphaxad,^[70] and Lud,^[71] and Aram.^[72] [And the children of Aram are these: Uz,^[73] and Hul,^[74] and Gether,^[75] and Mash.^[76]] Now, Arphaxad begat Shelah (Salah), and Shelah begat Eber.^[77] Unto Eber were born two sons, the one named Peleg,^[78] since in his days the [nations of the] earth were divided, while the name of his brother is Joktan.^[79] Joktan begat Almodad, who measured the earth with ropes;^[80] Sheleph, who drew out the waters of rivers;^[81] and Hazarmaveth,^[82] and Jerah,^[83] and Hadoram,^[84] and Uzal,^[85] and Diklah,^[86] and Obal,^[87] and Abimael,^[88] and Sheba,^[84][i] and Ophir,^[j] and Havilah,^[89] and Jobab,^[90] all of whom are the sons of Joktan.”^[91] —Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10: 22–28

1. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974)
2. ^ Josephus 1998, pp. 1.6.1-4.
3. ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:9 [10a]; Babylonian Talmud, Yoma 10a
4. ^ Saadia Gaon 1984, pp. 31–34.
5. ^ Josippon 1971, pp. 1–2.
6. ^ Abarbanel 1960, pp. 173–174.
7. ^ According to Josephus, Gomer’s descendants settled in Galatia. According to Sozomen; Philostorgius (1855), pp. 431–432, “Upper Galatia and the district lying around the Alps were later called Gallia, or Gaul by the Romans.” Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 10a) where it associates Gomer with the land of Germania. According to 2nd-century author, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, the Celts were thought to be an offshoot of the Gauls.
8. ^ His progeny were initially called by the Greeks “Scythians” (Herodotus, Book IV. 3–7; pp. 203–207), a people that originally inhabited those lands stretching between the Black and Aral Seas (S.E. Europe and Asia), although some of which people later went as far eastward as the Altai Mountains. Abarbanel (1960:173) alleges that Magog was also the progenitor of the Goths, a Germanic race. The Goths have a history of migration where they are known to have settled among other nations, such as among the inhabitants of Italy and of France and of Spain. See Isidore of Seville (1970:3). The Jerusalem Talmud, Leiden MS. (Megillah 1:9 [10a]) uses the word Getae to describe the descendants of Magog. According to Isidore of Seville (2006:197), the Dacians (the ancient people inhabiting Romania – formerly Thrace) were offshoots of the Goths.
9. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1.), Madai’s posterity inhabited the country of the Medes, the capital city of which, according to Herodotus, was Ecbatana.
10. ^ Herodotus (1971). E.H. Warmington (ed.). Herodotus: The Persian Wars. Vol. 3 (Books V–VII). Translated by A.D. Godley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd. p. 377 (Book VII). ISBN 0-674-99133-8. The Medes were in old time called by all men Arians (Aryan) (ISBN 0-434-99119-8 – British)
11. ^ According to Josippon (1971:1), the descendants of Javan inhabited Macedonia. According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1.), from Javan were derived the Ionians and all the Grecians.
12. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), the descendants of Tuval settled in the Iberian Peninsula. Abarbanel (1960:173), citing Josippon, concurs with this view, who adds that, besides Spain, some of his descendants had also settled in Pisa (of Italy), as well as in France along the River Seine, and in Britain. The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Tuval to the region of Bithynia. Alternatively, Josephus may have been referring to the Caucasian Iberians, the ancestors of modern Georgians.
13. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), Meshech was the father of the indigenous peoples of Cappadocia in Central Anatolia, Turkey, where they had built the city Mazaca. This view is followed by Abarbanel (1960:173), although he seemed to confound Cappadocia with another place by the same name in Greater Armenia, near the Euphrates River. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 5) opined that the descendants of Meshech had also settled in Khorasan. The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Meshech to the region of Moesia.
14. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1) and the Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), the descendants of Tiras are said to have originally settled in the country of Thrace (Thracians). In the Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 10a), one rabbi holds that some of his descendants settled in Persia, a view held also by R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32). According to Josippon (1971:1), Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people (perhaps Kievan Rus’), as well as of those peoples who first settled in Bosnia, and in England (perhaps referring to the ancient Britons, the Picts, and the Scots – a Celtic race). This opinion seems to be followed by Abarbanel (1960:173) who wrote that Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people and of the native peoples of England. As for the early Britons and Picts, according to The Saxon Chronicles, they were joined by the Angles and Jutes (Denmark) from the Old Saxons. The Jutes had established colonies in Kent and Wight, whilst the Angles had established colonies in Mercia and in all the Northumbria in about 449 CE.
15. ^ Historians and anthropologists note that the entire region east of the Rhine River was known by the Romans as Germania (Germany), or what is transcribed in some sources as Germani, Germanica. The region, though now settled by a multitude of mixed peoples, was resettled some 4,500 years ago (based on a study presented in 2013 by Professor Alan J. Cooper, from the Australian Center for Ancient DNA, and by fellow co-worker Dr. Wolfgang Haak, who carried out research on early Neolithic skeletons discovered during an excavation in Sweden, and published in the article, “Ancient Europeans Mysteriously Vanished 4,500 Years Ago”); being resettled by a group of peoples comprising the Germanic Tribes, which group is largely thought to include the Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, the Vandals and the Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni.
16. ^ According to Pausanias, in his Description of Greece (on Arcadia 8.9.7.), “the Bithynians are by descent Arcadians of Mantineia,” that is to say, Grecians by origin; the descendants of Javan.
17. ^ Considered by many to be the progenitor of the ancient Gauls (the people of Gallia, meaning, from Austria, France and Belgium, although this view is not conclusive. According to Saadia Gaon‘s Tafsir (a Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Ashkenaz was the progenitor of the Slavic peoples (Slovenes, etc.). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia‘s seminal work, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah (p. 219), who cites in the name of Sefer Yuchasin, the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called Bohemia, which today is the present-day Czech Republic. This view is corroborated by native Czech historian and chronicler Dovid Solomon Ganz (1541–1613), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled Tzemach Dovid (Part II, p. 71; 3rd edition pub. in Warsaw, 1878), who, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, writes that the Czech Republic was formerly called Bohemia (Latin: Boihaemum). Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1) simply writes for Ashkenaz that he was the progenitor of the people whom the Greeks call Rheginians, a people which Isidore of Seville (2006:193) identified with Sarmatians. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Jeremiah in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Ashkenaz in Jeremiah 51:27 is Hurmini (Jastrow: “probably a province of Armenia“), and Adiabene, suggesting that the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled there.
18. ^ R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32) in his translation of Genesis 10:3 thought Rifath to be the progenitor of the Franks, whom he called in Judeo-Arabic פרנגה. In contrast, Abarbanel (1960:173), like Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), opined that the descendants of Rifath settled in Paphlagonia, a region corresponding with Cappadocia (Roman province) in Asia Minor. Abarbanel added that some of these people (from Paphlagonia) eventually made their way into Venice, in Italy, while others went to France and to Lesser Britain (Brittany) where they settled along the Loire river. According to Josippon (1971:1), Rifath was the ancestor of the indigenous peoples of Brittany. The author of the Midrash Rabba (on Genesis Rabba §37) takes a different view, alleging that the descendants of Rifath settled in Adiabene.
19. ^ Togarmah is considered by medieval Jewish scholars as being the progenitor of the original Turks, of whom were the Phrygians, according to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1). According to R. Judah Halevi in his Kuzari, and according to the book Josippon (book I), Togarmah fathered ten sons, who were these: 1. Kuzar (Khazar; Cusar), actually the seventh son of Togarmah, and whose progeny became known as Khazars. In a letter written by King Joseph of the Khazar to Hasdai ibn Shaprut, he claimed that he and his people are descended from Japheth, through son Togarmah; 2. Pechineg (Pizenaci), the ancestor of a people that settled along the Danube River. Some Pechenegs had also settled along the river Atil (Volga), and likewise on the river Geïch (Ural), having common frontiers with the Khazars and the so-called Uzes; 3. Elikanos; 4. Bulgar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of Bulgaria. Descendants of these people also settled along the lower courses of the Danube River, as well as in the region of Kazan, in Tatarstan; 5. Ranbina; 6. Turk, perhaps the ancestor of the Phrygians of Asia Minor (Turkey); 7. Buz; 8. Zavokh; 9. Ungar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of Hungary. These also settled along the Danube River; 10. Dalmatia, the ancestors of the first inhabitants of Croatia.
20. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 9), some of Togarmah’s descendants settled in Tadzhikistan in central Asia. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Togarmah in Ezekiel 27:14 is the province of Germamia (var. Germania), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. The same view is taken by the author of the Midrash Rabba (Genesis Rabba §37).
21. ^ Asia, the sense being to Asia Minor. In the language employed by Israel’s Sages, this place is always associated with the western part of Turkey, the largest city of which region during the period of Israel’s sages being Ephesus, situated on the coast of Ionia, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, in west Turkey (cf. Josephus, Antiquities 14.10.11).
22. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), and R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Kitim was the father of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the isle of Cyprus. According to Josippon (1971:2), Kitim was also the forebear of the Romans who settled along the Tiber river, in the Campus Martius flood plain. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that the Kitim in Ezekiel 27:6 is the province of Apulia, suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there.
23. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 13), the descendants of Dodanim settled in Adana, a city in southern Turkey, on the Seyhan River. According to Josippon (1971:2), Dodanim was the forebear of the Croatians and the Slovenians, among other nations. Abarbanel (1960:173) held that the descendants of Dodanim settled the isle of Rhodes.
24. ^ Now called Ilida (in southern Greece on the Peloponnese).
25. ^ This place is distinguished by being the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.
26. ^ Misrayim was the progenitor of the indigenous Egyptians, from whom are descended the Copts. Misrayim’s sons were Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, Pathrusim, Casluhim (out of whom came Philistim), and Caphtorim.
27. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2), and Abarbanel (1960:173), Fūṭ is the progenitor of the indigenous peoples of Libya. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 15) writes in Judeo-Arabic that Fūṭ’s name has been preserved as an eponym in the town called תפת, and which Yosef Qafih thought may have been the town תוות mentioned by Ibn Battuta, a town in the Sahara bounded by present-day Morocco.
28. ^ The reference here is to Canaan, who became the father of eleven sons, the descendants of whom leaving the names of their fathers as eponyms in their respective places where they came to settle (e.g. Ṣīdon, Yəḇūsī, etc. See Descendants of Canaan). The children of Canaan had initially settled the regions south of the Taurus Mountains (Amanus) stretching as far as the border of Egypt. During the Israelite’s conquest of Canaan under Joshua, some of the Canaanites were expelled and went into North Africa, settling initially in and around Carthage; on this account see Epiphanius (1935), p. 77 (75d – §79) and Midrash Rabba (Leviticus Rabba 17:6), where, in the latter case, Joshua is said to have written three letters to the Canaanites, requesting them to either take leave of the country, or make peace with Israel, or engage Israel in warfare. The Gergesites took leave of the country and were given a country as beautiful as their own in Africa propria. The Tosefta (Shabbat 7 [8]:25) mentions the country in respect to the Amorites who went there.
29. ^ Not identified. Possibly a region in Libya. Jastrow has suggested that the place may have been an Egyptian eparchy or nomos, probably Heracleotes. The name also appears in Rav Yosef’s Aramaic Targum of I Chronicles 1:8–ff.
30. ^ Sebā is thought to have left his name to the town of Saba, which name, according to Josephus (Antiquities 2.10.2.), was later changed by Cambyses the Persian to Meroë, after the name of his own sister. Sebā’s descendants are thought to have originally settled in Meroë, along the banks of the upper Nile River.
31. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), this man’s descendants are said to have settled in Zawilah, a place explained by medieval traveler Benjamin of Tudela as being “the land of Gana (Fezzan south of Tripoli),” situated at a distance of a 62-day caravan-journey, going westward from Assuan in Egypt, and passing through the great desert called Sahara. See Adler (2014), p. 61). The Arab chronicler and geographer, Ibn Ḥaukal (travelled 943-969 CE), says of Zawilah that it is a place in the eastern part of the Maghreb, adding that “from Kairouan (Tunis) to Zawilah is a journey of one month.” Abarbanel (1960:174), like Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2.), explains this strip of country to be inhabited by the Gaetuli, and which place is described by Pliny in his Natural History as being between Libya and a stretch of desert as one travels southward. The 10th-century Karaite scholar, Yefet ben Ali (p. 114 – folio A), identified “the land of Havilah” in Genesis 2:11 with “the land of Zawilah,” and which he says is a land “encompassed by the Pishon river,” a river which he identified as the Nile River, based on an erroneous, medieval-Arab geographical perspective where the Niger River was thought to be an extension of the Nile River. See Ibn Khaldun (1958:118). In contrast, Yefet ben Ali identified the Gihon River of Genesis 2:13 with that of Amu Darya (al-Jiḥān / Jayhon of the Islamic texts), and which river encircled the entire Hindu Kush. Ben Ali’s interpretation stands in direct contradiction to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, where it assigns the “land of Havilah” (in Gen. 2:11) to the “land of India.”
32. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 18), Savtah was the forebear of the peoples who originally settled in Zagāwa, a place thought to be identical with Zaghāwa in the far-western regions of Sudan, and what is also called Wadai. According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2.), the descendants of Savtah were called by the Grecians “Astaborans,” a northeastern Sudanic people.
33. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Savteḫā was the progenitor of the inhabitants of Demas, probably the ancient port city and harbour in Tunisia, mentioned by Pliny, now an extensive ruin along the Barbary Coast called Ras ed-Dimas, located ca. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the island of Lampedusa, and ca. 200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast of Carthage.
34. ^ Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2.) calls the descendants of Dedan “a people of western Aethiopia” and which place “they founded as a colony” (Αἰθιοπικὸν ἔθνος τῶν ἑσπερίων οἰκίσας). R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 – note 22), in contrast, thought that the children of Dedan came to settle in India.
35. ^ Also known as Byzacium, or what is now called Tunisia.
36. ^ Mezağ is now El-Jadida in Morocco.
37. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 – note 47), the descendants of Elam settled in Khuzestan (Elam), and which, according to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.) were “the ancestors of the ancient Persians.”
38. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 – note 48), Ashur was the progenitor of the Assyrian race, whose ancestral territory is around Mosul in northern Iraq, near the ancient city of Nineveh. The same view was held by Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.).
39. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Arphaxad’s descendants became known by the Greeks as Chaldeans (Chalybes), who inhabited the region known as Chaldea, in present-day Iraq.
40. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Lud was the forebear of the Lydians. The Asatir describes the descendants of two of the sons of Shem, viz. Laud (Ld) and Aram, as also having settled in a region of Afghanistan formerly known as Khorasan (Charassan), but known by the Arabic-speaking peoples of Afrikia (North Africa) as simply “the isle” (Arabic: Al-gezirah). (see: Moses Gaster (ed.), The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the “Secrets of Moses”, The Royal Asiatic Society: London 1927, p. 232)
41. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Aram was the progenitor of the Syrians, a people who originally settled along the Euphrates River and, later, all throughout Greater Syria. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 – note 49), dissenting, thought that Aram was the progenitor of the Armenian people.
42. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Uz founded the cities of Trachonitis and Damascus. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 – note 50) possessed a tradition that Uz’s descendants also settled the region in Syria known as Ghouta.
43. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Hul (Ul) founded Armenia. Ishtori Haparchi (2007:88), dissenting, thought that Hul’s descendants settled in the region known as Hulah, south of Damascus and north of Al-Sanamayn (Ba’al Maon).
44. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Gether founded Bactria. Josephus is most-likely referring here to the Kushans (of the Pamirs mountain range), who, according to the Chinese historian and geographer Yu Huan (2004: section 5, note 13), had overrun Bactria and settled there in the late second-century BCE. Prior to this time, the region had been settled by rulers of Greek descent and heritage who had been there since Alexander’s conquest ca. 328 BCE. The Bactrians of Kushan descent are known in Chinese as Da Yuezhi. The old Bactria (Chinese: Daxia) is thought to have included northern Afghanistan, including Badakhshan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, as far as the region of Termez in the west. Prior to the arrival of the Yuezhi in Bactria, they had lived in and around the area of Xinjiang (Western China) where the first known reference to the Yuezhi was made in ca. 645 BCE by the Chinese Guan Zhong in his work Guanzi (管子, Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yúshì 禺氏 (or Niúshì 牛氏), as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu (see: Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Les Saces, ISBN 2-87772-337-2, p. 59).
45. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Mash settled the region known in classical antiquity as Charax Spasini.
46. ^ Whose posterity were known as the “Hebrews”, after the name of their forebear.
47. ^ From Peleg’s line descended the Israelites, the descendants of Esau, and the Arabian nations (Ishmaelites), among other peoples – all sub-nations.
48. ^ In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name Qaḥṭān, the progenitor of the Sabaean-Himyarite tribes of South Arabia. See Saadia Gaon (1984:34) and Luzzatto, S.D. (1965:56).
49. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Almodad’s descendants settled along the “coastal plains,” without naming the country.
50. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983), p. 74, Sheleph’s descendants settled along the “coastal plains,” without naming the country.
51. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), a place now called in southern Yemen by the name Ḥaḍramawt. Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place under the name Chatramotitae.
52. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74) calls the place inhabited by Jerah’s descendants “Ibn Qamar” (“the son of Moon”) – an inference to the word “Jerah” (Heb. ירח) which means “moon,” and where he says are now the towns of Dhofar in Yemen, and Qalhāt in Oman, and al-Shiḥr (ash-Shiḥr).
53. ^ Jump up to:^a b Nethanel ben Isaiah 1983, p. 74.
54. ^ The old appellation given to the city of Sana’a in Yemen was Uzal. Uzal’s descendants are thought to have settled there. See Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74); Luzzatto, S.D. (1965:56); and see Al-Hamdāni (1938:8, 21), where it was later known under its Arabic equivalent Azāl.
55. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Diklah’s posterity were said to have founded the city of Beihan.
56. ^ A place which Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls in Judeo-Arabic אלאעבאל = al-iʻbāl.
57. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Abimael’s posterity inhabited the place called Al-Jawf.
58. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74) calls the land settled by Havilah’s posterity as being “a land inhabited in the east”. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ascribes the “land of Havilah” in Genesis 2:11 to the “land of India.” Josephus (Antiquities 1.1.3.), writing on the same verse, says that “Havilah” is a place in India, traversed by the Ganges River.
59. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls the land settled by Jobab’s posterity as being “a land inhabited in the east”.
60. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4. [1.147]), the posterity of Joktan settled all those regions “proceeding from the river Cophen (a tributary of the Indus), inhabiting parts of India (Ἰνδικῆς) and of the adjacent country Seria (Σηρίας).” Of this last country, Isidore of Seville (2006:194) wrote: “The Serians (i.e. Chinese, or East Asians generally), a nation situated in the far East, were allotted their name from their own city. They weave a kind of wool that comes from trees, hence this verse ‘The Serians, unknown in person, but known for their cloth’.”

Targum Jonathan is a western targum (interpretation) of the Torah (Pentateuch) from the land of Israel (as opposed to the eastern Babylonian Targum Onkelos). Its correct title was originally Targum Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Targum), which is how it was known in medieval times. But because of a printer’s mistake it was later labeled Targum Jonathan, in reference to Jonathan ben Uzziel. Some editions of the Pentateuch continue to call it Targum Jonathan to this day. Most scholars refer to the text as Targum Pseudo-Jonathan or TPsJ.

Transgenic kitchen

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