The most important sources for the time of Belshazzar are the Nabonidus Chronicle, the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Verse Account of Nabonidus—which, despite its name, was commissioned by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great.[9]
Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[10] The Nabonidus Chronicle describes him as a grandson of Nebuchadnezzar, but this may have been propaganda to justify the reign of his father, who was not of the royal line.[2] He played a pivotal role in the coup d’etat that overthrew King Labashi-Marduk and brought Nabonidus to power in 556 BCE, although unlike his co-conspirators he was not a member of the old Babylonian aristocracy.[11] Nabonidus spent the years c. 553–543 BCE in the oasis of Teima in the northern areas of the Arabian Peninsula, leaving Belshazzar to govern Babylon.[9] During his father’s prolonged absence Belshazzar ruled as regent or co-regent, but was never called King and never took part in the Babylonian New Year Festival, at which the king’s presence was essential.[2] His duties as Crown Prince (the title that appears in documents) included overseeing temple estates and leasing out temple land,[2] and he worked at restoring the Babylonian god Marduk, demoted by Nabonidus in favor of the moon god Sin.[12]
Nabonidus returned to Babylon about 543 BCE, and the status of Belshazzar thereafter is unclear.[13][14] The king’s return may have been connected with the increasing threat posed by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great, who ruled a huge empire to the north and east of Babylon. Open hostilities commenced in late 539 BCE, and on 12 October “Ugbaru, governor of the district of Gutium, and the army of Cyrus entered Babylon without a battle” (Babylonian Chronicle)—this is presumably the same individual as Gobryas, a Babylonian provincial governor who switched to the Persian side, mentioned by the Greek historian Xenophon.[13] Nabonidus was captured and his life apparently spared, but Belshazzar may have died during the fall of the city.[15]
Moreover, if “Ahasuerus” was just a common “title” for Persian kings generally, what would be the point of mentioning it if the intent of Esther 1:1 was to clarify exactly which king was being discussed? It does not help to identify the exact king if “Ahasuerus” was simply a generic title. If instead it was a personal name or perhaps a throne name, though, it has real value in narrowing down the options. Thus, I believe it makes better sense to view “Ahasuerus” as either a throne name taken by two Medo-Persian kings or as an example of papponymic name repetition. The further observation that the intended king was fabulously wealthy, because he inherited an expansive empire from his father Darius the Great—who is never called either Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes anywhere in any historical records—is used to narrow the options down to only one.
Cyaxares II figures prominently in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia. In contrast, he is absent from the Histories of Herodotus, which leaves no place for Cyaxares II. Herodotus says the Median king Astyages had no son, and that his successor as king of both Media and Persia was Cyrus the Great.
According to Xenophon’s Cyropaedia (1.5.2), Cyaxares II followed king Astyages to the throne of the Median Empire, and he was also the brother of Mandane, Cyrus the Great’s mother (1.2.1, 1.4.7).
This Gobryas is mentioned in the Cyropedia of Xenophon as a general who helped in the conquering of Babylon.
The A.K. Grayson translation of the Nabonidus Chronicle based on that of T.G. Pinches, considers both the names Ugbaru and Gubaru found in the latter to be references to this Gobryas. However the names are distinct in the text and refer to two different individuals, the one called Gubaru being the ruler placed over Babylon thus corresponding to Cyaxares of the Cyropedia, not Gobryas. Ugbaru remains a candidate for Gobryas being described as the ruler of the region of Gutium dying soon after the conquest of Babylon similarly to Xenophon’s portrayal of Gobryas as an elderly “Assyrian” ruler. According to William H. Shea Ugbaru and Gubaru is the same person, being the ruler placed over Babylon, dying soon after the conquest of Babylon.[2]
[2] The Search for Darius the Mede; Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 12/1 (Spring 2001)
REVIEW
Claudius Ptolemy—still producing much ‘secular history smoke’
A number of chronological theories ‘hang’ their convictions on the ‘peg’ of secular history and floating traditions, especially the king list of Claudius Ptolemy’s Canon
A number of chronological theories ‘hang’ their convictions on the ‘peg’ of secular history and floating traditions, especially the king list of Claudius Ptolemy’s Canon. This king list has been taken as one piece of evidence for a ‘gap’ of approximately 80 years between the return from captivity and the commencement of the 483 years of Daniel 9:24–25. This Canon is merely a list of supposed kings with the number of years of their reigns. There is no indication or allowances for any co-regencies, no explanatory text, and no reference to any contemporary historical records for authority. Notwithstanding all this we find,
‘Yet despite the fact that he [Ptolemy] is merely a late second century compiler writing nearly a hundred years after Christ Jesus, he is our only authority, for no other system bridges the gulf from 747 BC to AD 137 [emphasis added].’34
Jones, ref. 2, p. 243.
We are uncertain as to whether there is a mistaken identity of Persian Kings, where one king is the same person as another but with a different title. Amel-Marduk REF? View more on History report
“PTOLEMY’S CANON” DEBUNKED?
JULIA NEUFFER
Berrien Springs, Michigan
In his recent book, The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy,~ Robert R. Newton of Johns Hopkins University not only credits Ptolemy with compiling the Canon; he accuses him of fabricating regnal dates, in the absence of records, to suit his own purposes.
Neuffer, Julia. “”Ptolemy’s Canon” Debunked?.” Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS) 17.2 (1979): .
Available at:
Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS) is a semi-annual, refereed print journal of the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary
Julia Neuffer is the author of The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary
• La salida de la orden para restaurar y edificar a Jerusalén por orden de Artajerjes I (Esdras 7:7)
Ezra (/ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עֶזְרָא, ‘Ezrā;[1] fl. 480–440 BCE), also called Ezra the Scribe (עֶזְרָא הַסּוֹפֵר, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra, was a Jewish scribe (sofer) and priest (kohen).
Jeremiah wrote his own book, and the book of Kings, and Lamentations. Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote the following, and a mnemonic to remember which books they wrote is yod, mem, shin, kuf: Isaiah [Yeshaya], Proverbs [Mishlei], Song of Songs [Shir HaShirim], and Ecclesiastes [Kohelet]. The members of the Great Assembly wrote the following, and a mnemonic to remember these books is kuf, nun, dalet, gimmel: Ezekiel [Yeḥezkel ], and the Twelve Prophets [Sheneim Asar], Daniel [Daniel ], and the Scroll of Esther [Megillat Ester]. Ezra wrote his own book and the genealogy of the book of Chronicles until his period.
Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra 15a
Esther 2:5–6 (“Mordecai son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, who had been carried into exile from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, among those taken captive with Jeconiah king of Judah”
Based on that bible verse and daniel 9:25 Esther xerxes was either xerxes or artaxerxes i. Some say Darius father of xerxes but nothing outside those three
“(Ctesias’s) unreliability makes Herodotus seem a model of accuracy.”[3] Ctesias’s account of the Assyrian kings does not reconcile with the cuneiform evidence.
[3] Burn A.R. Persia and the Greeks. Duckworth. London. 1984. As quoted by Peter Frederick Barker, FROM THE SCAMANDER TO SYRACUSE. STUDIES IN ANCIENT LOGISTICS, page 9, chapter 1.
I would say The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy was to keep kings outside and portraying them with an importance they share
Ctesias Persica XIII (24) His son Xerxes became king and Artapanos, the son of Artasyras, became as powerful
as his father was during the reign of Darius and the elder Mardonius was equally influential; the most powerful of the eunuchs was Natakas. Xerxes married Amestris, the daughter of Onaphas, with whom he had a son named Dariaios and two years later another named Hystaspes and later a third named Artaxerxes; they had two daughters named Amytis, after her grandmother, and Rhodogyne. (23) reads his reign was 31 but Herodotus, The Histories 7.4 (A. D. Godley, Ed.) reads his was 36
—
The Encyclopaedia Britannica, for example,
directs the reader to the article on the Greco-Persian Wars, said to have lasted 100 years.
As for dating, the traditional date for the
accession of Xerxes (485 BC) is based on one source only, namely Ptolemy’s Canon (no connection with the Ptolemy kings!), and this is eventually aligned with General Egyptian dating, which over recent years has been revised again and again. Thus, to the extent that Egyptian dating is unreliable, so is our dating of the Mesopotamian and Persian histories.
This raises a very serious problem. Since the
Achaemenid period is so late in ancient history, any date adjustment of this period throws all the earlier dates out. For this reason, many scholars are not game to attack the traditional dating, lest they incur the wrath of the main body of scholars whose
chronology depends on that dating.
Los reyes de la dinastía caldea fueron:
• Nabopolasar: 626 a. C.-605 a. C.
• Nabucodonosor II: 605 a. C.-562 a. C.
• Evilmerodac: 562 a. C.-560 a. C.
• Neriglisar: 560 a. C.-556 a. C.
• Labashi-Marduk: 556 a. C.
• Nabonido: 556 a. C.-539 a. C.
• Belsasar:(Hijo de Nabonido, asumía el mando cuando su padre estaba ausente) 539 a. C.
REVIEW
De acuerdo con Dan 5:2, 30, 31, el último rey de los caldeos. Durante mucho tiempo, Belsasar era desconocido fuera de la Biblia y de los escritos judíos o cristianos basados en Dan_5 Todas las fuentes seculares que trataban del fin del Imperio Babilónico señalaban a Nabonido como el último rey.
Aristotle, Politics
Review the rowley
Charles V. Taylor (30 November 1918 – 2009) was an Australian linguist and the author of at least 19 books on topics ranging from African linguistics to ecclesiastical history.[1]
[1] inauthor:”Charles V. Taylor” – Google Books. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
The Times of the ‘Great Kings’ of Persia
DR CHARLES V. TAYLOR
REVIEW SECULAR Ptolemy: on trial for fraud
REVIEWJohn J. Collins (born 1946) is the Holmes Professor of Old Testament Criticism and Interpretation at Yale Divinity School.
REVIEW
The Seraiah Assumption: Wrapping Up Some Loose Ends
Author: Rick Lanser MDiv Category: The Daniel 9:24-27 Project Created: 10 June 2019
How Nazis destroyed books in a quest to destroy European culture
What’s the point of the pyramids? by Gavin Cox There is evidence from the Great Pyramids of Egypt that may well be testimony to the events of creation and the Flood.
There is evidence from the Great Pyramids of Egypt that may well be testimony to the events of creation and the Flood. It is literally the point of the pyramid, the so-called ‘benben’, which points towards this evidence. The benben, or the primeval mound, represented in the minds of the ancient Egyptians the first land that appeared from the primeval ocean, called the ‘Nun’. It was upon this land that the first eight ‘gods’ sprang into being; four males and their wives, headed by the chief god, called ‘Nu’. This all sounds remarkably evocative of Noah’s family stepping onto the land after the Flood.
Egyptologist James Allen explains the ancient Egyptian ideas of creation: “The benben was a pyramid-shaped mound symbolizing the first land that appeared from Nu at the creation.”3 The Nu (or Nun) was the Egyptian idea of a primeval ocean, or flood. The benben stone was a central feature of the more ancient solar temples, which Egyptologist David Silverman states
“ … were constructed, in addition to the pyramids, by six Fifth-Dynasty kings and based on the sun temple of Heliopolis. The focus of each temple was an altar before a benben, a squat obelisk with a pyramid point representing the hill over which the sun rose at the beginning of creation.”4
Allen, J.P., The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, GA, p. 427, 2005.
Silverman, D.P., Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 188, 1997.
The idea of the primeval mound rising up from the primeval ocean occurs in two versions, one from Heliopolis (which is now a suburb of modern Cairo), and the other from Hermopolis (located 322 km south of Cairo, at the modern city of El Ashmunein).5 These ideas are evocative of the accounts of both creation and the Flood in Genesis.
Another later creation myth was engraved on the Shabako stone, termed the Memphite theology, which refers to the rising primal mound as a deity in its own right, Ta-tanen.
Read Jiang Zemin
¿Por qué Hitler se consideraba el auténtico socialista y hoy lo tildan de extrema derecha?
Emmanuel Rincón 1 abril, 2020
Read The Nazi book burnings were a campaign conducted by the German Student Union (the Deutsche Studentenschaft or DSt) to ceremonially burn books in Nazi Germany and Austria in the 1930s.
Ancient Egyptian creation myths are the ancient Egyptian accounts of the creation of the world. The Pyramid Texts, tomb wall decorations and writings, dating back to the Old Kingdom (2780–2250 BC) have given us most of the information regarding early Egyptian creation myths.[1] These myths also form the earliest religious compilations in the world.[2]
The sun rises over the circular mound of creation as goddesses pour out the primeval waters around it
In the creation myth of the Heliopolitan form of ancient Egyptian religion, Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters Nu upon which the creator deity Atum settled. The Benben stone (also known as a pyramidion) is the top stone of the pyramid. It is also related to the obelisk.
August 31, 2020
The Vatican and the post-pandemic world order
Massimo Faggioli looks at the Holy See’s changing relationship with Europe, the United States and China
La Croix (La Cruz, en español) es un periódico católico francés, propiedad del grupo Bayard Presse desde 1880.
Pope calls for a new world order
UN’s failure to halt US war on Iraq leads to new initiative
John Hooper in Rome
Thu 1 Jan 2004 20.05 EST
Pope John Paul II launched one of the most important diplomatic initiatives of his long papacy yesterday when he called for a new international order to replace the one that emerged from the second world war.
El Papa reclama un nuevo orden mundial
25.12.2005
Francisco arremete contra el “dogma de fe neoliberal” y proclama un nuevo orden mundial para el mundo postpandemia
• El Papa reclama en su nueva encíclica la memoria histórica frente a las dictaduras, y condena con dureza el terrorismo de Estado
REVIEW
How an Orthodox Rabbi Became an Unlikely Ally of the Christian Right
By Michael Schulson | February 14, 2017
List of converts to Christianity from Judaism
Crucificaron a la verdad. Pq aceptarían la veracidad y autoridad histórica de la biblia? Crucificaron a la vida. Pq usarían el conocimiento sin sesgos ideologicos? Crucificaron el camino a Dios. Pq dirían hay Dios?
The Siloam inscription or Shiloah inscription (Hebrew: כתובת השילוח, or Silwan inscription,) known as KAI 189, is a Hebrew inscription found in the Siloam tunnel which brings water from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam, located in the City of David in East Jerusalem neighborhood of Shiloah or Silwan. The inscription records the construction of the tunnel, which has been dated to the 8th century BCE on the basis of the writing style.[1]
[1] Lemche 1998, p. 47; quote: “A good case can be made on the basis of the paleography to date the inscription in the Iron Age. The inscription itself, on the other hand, does not tell us this. It is only a secondary source, which in this case may be right but which can also be wrong, because nobody can really say on the basis of this anonymous inscription whether it was Hezekiah or some other Judean king from the eighth or seventh century who constructed the tunnel. As it stands, it is the only clear example of an inscription from either Israel or Judah commemorating a public construction work. As such it is a poor companion to similar inscriptions not least from Egypt and Mesopotamia.”
Hechos 11:28
Y levantándose uno de ellos, llamado Agabo,(A) daba a entender por el Espíritu, que vendría una gran hambre en toda la tierra habitada; la cual sucedió en tiempo de Claudio.
Josephus, in his annals refers to it:
Her arrival (Queen Helena of Adiabene) was very advantageous to the people of Jerusalem; for a famine oppressed them at that time, and many people died for want of money to procure food. Queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of grain, and others of them to Cyprus to bring back a cargo of dried figs. They quickly returned with the provisions, which she immediately distributed to those that need. She has thus left a most excellent memorial by the beneficence which she bestowed upon our nation. And when her son Izates was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem.
Antiquities 20.2.5 49-53
Helena de Adiabene fue reina de Adiabene y esposa de Monobaz I. Con él tuvo a Izates II y Monobaz II. Murió alrededor del 56 d.
Historical sources from the time indicate “In the days (time/reign) of Claudius” there was famine in Rome, Greece and West Asia
The absence of a mention of the famine in specific areas of the known world at that time in writing does not mean it didn’t happen. The vast, vast experience of humans over the eons has gone unrecorded. That doesn’t mean it didn’t happen.
Martin “Moishe” Rosen, in Hebrew: מוישה רוזן (April 12, 1932 – May 19, 2010)[1] was an American minister and the founder and former Executive Director of Jews for Jesus, a Christian missionary organization that focuses on evangelism to Jewish people.
Rosen was born in Kansas City, Missouri,[2] the son of Ben Rosen and Rose Baker. He was raised in Denver, Colorado. According to Rosen, his mother’s parents were “Reform Jews from Austria” and his paternal grandfather was an Orthodox Jew. Although his father regularly attended an Orthodox synagogue,[3] Rosen describes him as irreligious and viewing religion as a “racket”.[4]
Polémica en la TV de EEUU: un empleado de CNN reveló en una cita falsa de Tinder la estrategia para el rating
La cadena Fox publicó los dichos de un técnico del canal de noticias rival, que relata cómo destacaban permanentemente la cifra de muertes diarias por COVID-19 por pedido del director
15 de Abril de 2021
Un empleado de la cadena CNN creía estar en una cita romántica y, sin saber que estaba siendo filmado, reveló polémicos detalles sobre la cobertura del canal estadounidense con referencia a la pandemia de coronavirus.
CNN staffer boasts to Project Veritas that network peddled anti-Trump ‘propaganda’
By Mark Moore
April 13, 2021 | 5:53pm
Charlie Chester, a technical Director at CNN, claims “if it wasn’t for CNN, I don’t know that Trump would have got voted out,” during a series of fake Tinder dates filmed by Project Veritas.
“Look what we did, we [CNN] got Trump out. I am 100 percent going to say it, and I 100 percent believe that if it wasn’t for CNN, I don’t know that Trump would have got voted out,” Chester said, adding that he came to work at CNN because he ”wanted to be a part of that.”
“Our focus was to get Trump out of office, right? Without saying it, that’s what it was.”
La organización Project Veritas defiende con fervor al ex presidente republicano y su retórica contra los grandes medios. En 2017, intentaron engañar a una periodista del Washington Post con supuestas informaciones perjudiciales sobre un republicano, pero la reportera contactada no cayó en la trampa.
Los videos de Project Veritas han provocado algunos despidos y acciones penales, aunque su líder, james O’Keefe, también se ha involucrado en problemas con la justicia. En 2010 se declaró culpable de entrar en la oficina de la entonces senadora Mary Landrieu, demócrata de Los Ángeles, bajo falsos pretextos.
James O’Keefe on Twitter: “UPDATE: Charlie Chester’s @LinkedIn account …
13 abr. 2021 — UPDATE: Charlie Chester’s @ LinkedIn account has been DELETED The @CNN Technical Director was featured in the #ExposeCNN
‘Our focus was to get Trump out of office’: CNN technical director makes candid admission to undercover Project Veritas reporter after listing his employer on TINDER
By Keith Griffith For Dailymail.com 22:49 13 Apr 2021, updated 06:53 14 Apr 2021
• CNN Technical Director Charlie Chester was caught on hidden camera video
• Project Veritas released the clips on Tuesday showing Chester on several ‘dates’
• Conservative group found Chester through Tinder, where he listed his employer
• Video shows Chester boasting of ‘propaganda’ tactics used by the network
• ‘We would always show shots of him jogging’ Chester said of Biden
• Chester has no editorial input at CNN, but would witness daily decisions there
As a technical director, Chester operates video editing equipment for the cable network, where he has worked since 2018, according to his now-deleted LinkedIn bio.
It is unlikely that he would have had editorial input at CNN, or participated in the network’s daily editorial calls. But Project Veritas argues that he has unique insights on the editorial culture at CNN, in which he would be immersed daily.
Though the video clips of Chester only provide snippets of his remarks, they do provide enough context to make it clear that the general thrust of his comments hasn’t been concocted through editing.
WATCH: CNN Staffer Goes on Five Tinder Dates With Project Veritas Spy Recording the Whole Thing
By Rudy Takala Apr 13th, 2021, 12:00 pm
MEDIA Published April 13, 2021 Last Update April 14
CNN staffer admits network’s focus was to ‘get Trump out of office,’ calls its coverage ‘propaganda’
‘I 100% believe it that if it wasn’t for CNN, I don’t know that Trump would have got voted out’
By Joseph A. Wulfsohn , Brian Flood | Fox News
According to Chester’s LinkedIn page, Chester has been working with the network since 2018 and has worked on several programs, including “New Day,” “Cuomo Prime Time,” and “CNN Tonight.”
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