Josephus, and most of the writers of antiquity, associated the Hyksos with the Jews.[182] According to Josephus’s version of Manetho, when the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt, they founded Jerusalem (Contra Apion I.90).[183]
[182] Assmann 2003, p. 197.
[183] Josephus 1926, p. 199.
Read Contra Apion I.227-250
Josephus, Against Apion 1.73.7, quoting Manetho’s Aegyptiaca
La referencia más antigua a Manetón es la de Flavio Josefo en Contra Apión(Contra Apionem), en la que está claro que Josefo no difiere de los originales.
Statues of soldiers from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. How could the Hyksos occupy Egypt “without a battle”? The army could have been at the bottom of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:28). AiG
READ https://creation.com/exodus-hyksos-invasion
OR New Study of Ancient Teeth Sheds Light on the Origin of Hyksos
Author: Bryan Windle Category: Breaking News Created: 20 July 2020
https://biblearchaeology.org/current-events-list/4698-new-study-of-ancient-teeth-sheds-light-on-the-origin-of-hyksos
The results of a new study published in the journal PLOS ONE has called into question the traditional view of the rise to power of the Hyksos in Egypt. The Ptolemaic priest, Manetheo, as quoted by Josephus, records the Hyksos rulers leading an invasion of Egypt and conquering the Nile Delta region. The new research suggests the Hyksos were immigrants, not invaders. Scholars recently studied the tooth enamel from individuals found at the cemeteries of Tell el-Dab’a, the site of the ancient Hyksos capital of Avaris. Using a mass spectrometer, they analyzed their teeth for strontium, a metal that enters the enamel primarily through food. By comparing the levels of isotopes with those in the region’s soils and other artifacts along the Nile, they could judge where an individual grew up. The teem found that 24 of the 36 individuals who were buried at Avaris during the 350 years before the Hyksos rule were foreign born and came from a variety of origins, not one unified homeland. Similarly, data from the remains of an additional 35 people who were buried during the Hyksos period exhibited a similar pattern of immigration. Moreover, 2/3 of the skeletons analyzed were women, not primarily male, as the researchers would have expected if the Hyksos arrived via a military invasion. The authors of the study conclude, “This research supports the concept that the Hyksos were not an invading force occupying this city and the upper Nile Delta, but an internal group of people who gained power in a system with which they were already familiar.”
OFF-SITE LINKS:
El término «semita»[1] hace referencia a los pueblos citados en la Biblia, descendientes de Sem, primogénito de Noé.
[1] El término «semita» proviene del hebreo bíblico Sem, que se traduce como ‘nombre’. שם en caracteres hebreos
ساميّ en caracteres árabes.
Cam es un personaje bíblico, hijo de Noé. Tuvo cuatro hijos, de los que surgieron diversos pueblos como: Canaán, Mizraim (Egipto) y otros pueblos africanos como Cus (Etiopía) y Fut; Flavio Josefo, Fut era Libia.
The Kurkh Monoliths are two Assyrian stelae that contain a description of the reigns of Ashurnasirpal II and his son Shalmaneser III.
The Shalmaneser III monolith contains a description of the Battle of Qarqar at the end. This description contains the name “A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a” which is generally accepted to be a reference to Ahab king of Israel [2][3]
[2] The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, NYU Press, 2008 P.11
[3] Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives By Jonathan Michael Golden, ABC-CLIO, 2004, P.275
REVIEW
Serabit el-Khadim (Arabic: سرابيط الخادم Arabic pronunciation: [saraːˈbiːtˤ alˈχaːdɪm]; also transliterated Serabit al-Khadim, Serabit el-Khadem) is a locality in the southwest Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, where turquoise was mined extensively in antiquity, mainly by the ancient Egyptians. Archaeological excavation, initially by Sir Flinders Petrie, revealed ancient mining camps and a long-lived Temple of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess who was favoured as a protector in desert regions and known locally as the mistress of the turquoise.
Thirty incised graffiti in a “Proto-Sinaitic script” shed light on the history of the alphabet.[2] The mines were worked by prisoners of war from southwest Asia who presumably spoke a Northwest Semitic language, such as the Canaanite that was ancestral to Phoenician and Hebrew. After a century of study and the initial publication by Sir Flinders Petrie, researchers agree on the decipherment of a single phrase, cracked in 1916 by Alan Gardiner: לבעלת l bʿlt (to the Lady) [baʿlat (Lady) being a title of Hathor and the feminine of the title Baʿal (Lord) given to the Semitic god], although the word m’hb (loved) is frequently cited as a second word.
[2] P. Kyle McCarter. “The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet”, The Biblical Archaeologist37.3 (September 1974:54-68) pp 56-58.
US Catholic bishops may press Biden to stop taking Communion
By DAVID CRARY April 28, 2021
https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-government-and-politics-religion-22e0d1ba299fe8693013036e3cc85c81
Such a stance, by a public figure, is “a grave moral evil,” according to Archbishop Joseph Naumann of Kansas City, Kansas, who chairs the USCCB’s Committee on Pro-Life Activities and believes it’s necessary to publicly rebuke Biden on the issue.
“Because President Biden is Catholic, it presents a unique problem for us,” Naumann told The Associated Press. “It can create confusion. … How can he say he’s a devout Catholic and he’s doing these things that are contrary to the church’s teaching?”
The document, if approved, would make clear the USCCB’s view that Biden and other Catholic public figures with similar viewpoints should not present themselves for Communion, Naumann said.
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops
@USCCB
U.S. Bishops’ Pro Life Committee Chairman Denounces Reversal of Limits on Human Fetal Tissue Research: http://ow.ly/TLik50Etpgm
The tablet claims that Nebuchadnezzar “crossed the river to go against the Egyptian army which lay in Karchemiš. They fought with each other and the Egyptian army withdrew before him. He accomplished their defeat and beat them to non-existence. As for the rest of the Egyptian army which had escaped from the defeat so quickly that no weapon had reached them, in the district of Hamath the Babylonian troops overtook and defeated them so that not a single man escaped to his own country. At that time Nebuchadnezzar conquered the whole area of Hamath.”[8]
[8] Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
Jeremiah 46:2
2 Concerning Egypt:(A)
This is the message against the army of Pharaoh Necho(B) king of Egypt, which was defeated at Carchemish(C) on the Euphrates(D) River by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon in the fourth year of Jehoiakim(E) son of Josiah king of Judah:
The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle, also known as Jerusalem Chronicle, [1] is one of the series of Babylonian Chronicles, and contains a description of the first eleven years of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.
[1] Lendering, Jona. “ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle)”. Livius.org. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Evidence for Inerrancy from an Unexpected Source: OT Chronology
Author: Rodger C. Young MA Category: The Divided Monarchy of Israel & Judah 932-587 BC Created: 15 August 2008
https://biblearchaeology.org/research/chronological-categories/divided-monarchy/3295-evidence-for-inerrancy-from-an-unexpected-source-ot-chronology?highlight=WyJpbmVycmFuY3kiXQ==
El sobrescrito en el capítulo 1,1-3 lo identifica como «las palabras de Jeremías hijo de Hilcías», y coloca el profeta históricamente de las reformas del rey Josías en 627 a. C. hasta el asesinato del gobernador de Judá designado por Babilonia en 582 a. C.[1]
[1] Sweeney, 1998, p. 81-82.
Jeremiah[a] (c. 650 – c. 570 BC),[2] also called the “weeping prophet”,[3] was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (source of the Old Testament of Christian Bibles). According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the Book of Jeremiah, the Books of Kings and the Book of Lamentations,[4] with the assistance and under the editorship of Baruch ben Neriah, his scribe and disciple.
[a] /ˌdʒɛrɪˈmaɪ.ə/;[1] Hebrew: יִרְמְיָהוּ, Modern: Yīrməyahū [jiʁmiˈjahu], Tiberian: Yīrəməyāhū; Greek: Ἰερεμίας, romanized: Ieremíās; meaning “Yah Exalts”
[2] “Jeremiah”. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[3] Hillers 1993, p. 419.
[4] Hillers 1972, pp. xix–xxiv.
They misrepresent a and put b to lost
The Ludlul-Bel-Nimeqi – Not Merely a Babylonian Job
by Joshua J. Mark
published on 06 March 2011
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/226/the-ludlul-bel-nimeqi—not-merely-a-babylonian-jo/
The first (but now outdated) edition of the poem was published by W. G. Lambert in 1960 (reprinted in 1996).[4] Amar Annus and Alan Lenzi have edited in 2010 a new edition of the poem for the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
[4] W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1996), pp. 21-62 and 282-302.
Las cuarentenas y las marchas no sirven
3 estudios que muestran que los cierres son ineficaces para detener COVID-19
Los daños colaterales de los cierres están bien documentados. Sus beneficios, sin embargo, siguen siendo turbios.
14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2020
Jon Miltimore
https://fee.org.es/articulos/3-estudios-que-muestran-que-los-cierres-son-ineficaces-para-detener-covid-19/
1. The Lancet, julio
Un estudio publicado el 21 de julio en The Lancet, una revista semanal de medicina general revisada por médicos y fundada en 1823, indicó que los cierres gubernamentales eran ineficaces.
2. Fronteras en la salud pública, noviembre
Del mismo modo, un estudio publicado por Fronteras en la Salud Pública varios meses después del periódico The Lancet encontró que ni los cierres ni la rigurosidad de los mismos estaban correlacionados con menores tasas de mortalidad.
3. Estudio de la Universidad de Tel Aviv, octubre
Una investigación de la Universidad de Tel Aviv publicada en octubre en el sitio web medRxiv dijo que los cierres estrictos pueden que no salven vidas.
Bono: Análisis de Bloomberg de las estadísticas de la Universidad de Oxford, mayo
En un artículo de mayo de Bloomberg titulado “The Results of Europe’s Lockdown Experiment Are In”, la periodista de datos Elaine He compartió varias imágenes basadas en el trabajo realizado por la Escuela de Gobierno Blavatnik de la Universidad de Oxford, que rastreó una serie de medidas de rigor gubernamental en toda Europa.
La Fundación para la Educación Económica (FEE) —en inglés Foundation for Economic Education— es el más antiguo centro de pensamiento de los Estados Unidos dedicado a estudiar y promover el mercado libre y las ideas libertarias.
RESEARCH PAPER| VOLUME 25, 100464, AUGUST 01, 2020
A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes
• Rabail Chaudhry
• George Dranitsaris
• Talha Mubashir
• Justyna Bartoszko
• Sheila Riazi
Open AccessPublished:July 21, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30208-X/fulltext
[H]owever, in our analysis, full lockdowns and wide-spread COVID-19 testing were not associated with reductions in the number of critical cases or overall mortality.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health, 19 November 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339
Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited Margins of Adaptation
Quentin De Larochelambert1,
Andy Marc1,
Juliana Antero1,
Eric Le Bourg2 and
Jean-François Toussaint1,3*
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339/full#SM6
COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown: response time is more important than its strictness
Gil Loewenthal, Shiran Abadi, Oren Avram, Keren Halabi, Noa Ecker, Natan Nagar, Itay Mayrose, Tal Pupko
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128520
Now published in EMBO Molecular Medicine doi: 10.15252/emmm.202013171
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128520v1
Distancing, not lockdowns, prevents Covid deaths
New research suggests the most important factor for decreasing mortality is how quickly social-distancing measures are implemented.
By Brian Blum OCTOBER 7, 2020, 12:15 PM
https://www.israel21c.org/distancing-not-lockdowns-prevents-covid-19-deaths-says-study/
COVID-19: Stringency Index
This is a composite measure based on nine response indicators including school closures, workplace closures, and travel bans, rescaled to a value from 0 to 100 (100 = strictest). If policies vary at the subnational level, the index is shown as the response level of the strictest sub-region.
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-stringency-index?tab=chart&country=~CZE
República Checa tiene la mayor mortalidad por COVID del mundo, a pesar de los estrictos cierres
Las calles oscuras y vacías, desprovistas de comercio, han traído el recuerdo de un pasado que muchos checos preferirían olvidar
FEE 1 mayo, 2021
https://panampost.com/fee-panampost/2021/05/01/republica-checa-covid/
World’s Worst COVID Death Rate Sends Czechs Back Into Cold War Misery
SWALLOWED BY GRAYNESS
Eduard Freisler
Updated Apr. 05, 2021 7:32AM ET Published Apr. 05, 2021 4:13AM ET
https://www.thedailybeast.com/worlds-worst-covid-death-rate-sends-czechs-back-into-cold-war-misery
Coronavirus Cases:
1,632,932
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/czech-republic/
Last updated: May 01, 2021, 18:22 GMT
Sweden
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/sweden/
Czech Republic: What’s behind world’s worst COVID infection rate?
And what can be done to stem cases and deaths? Jan Pačes, a leading expert in viral sequencing, talks to Al Jazeera.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/15/czech-republic-whats-behind-worlds-worst-covid-infection-rate
Las transcripciones de Manetón coinciden con varias listas de reyes, por lo que se acepta que siguió alguna de ellas. No está claro hasta dónde era consciente de los diferentes nombres de los faraones más antiguos (pues da nombres distintos para algunos)???? No se conocen todos los nombres de cada gobernante.
Sexto Julio Africano [a] (c. 160-c. 240) fue un historiador y apologista helenista de influencia cristianoafricana. Se le considera el padre de la cronología cristiana.
[a] En latín, Sex. Iulius Africanus.[1]
Jorge Sincelo, o Jorge el Monje, denominado así por su oficio eclesiástico, fue secretario personal (sincelo) del patriarca Tarasio y vivió a finales del siglo VIII e inicios del IX.
Es la principal fuente de conocimiento y transmisión de la Aegyptiaca, o Historia de Egipto de Manetón, en su obra Eklogué Cronografías, una historia del mundo que partiendo desde Adán llegaba hasta la época del emperador Diocleciano.
Sincelo quería demostrar que Jesucristo había nacido el año 5500 después de la Creación del Mundo, describiendo resumidamente la historia de las dinastías egipcias que alcanzaban desde el Diluvio Universal hasta los tiempos de Darío I de Persia, sirviéndose de los epítomes de Manetón.
De sus textos solo han perdurado dos manuscritos, el del año 1021, y el de París, el mejor de ambos.
La obra se ha conservado a través de las citas de otros escritores antiguos como Flavio Josefo (siglo I), Sexto Julio Africano (siglo III) y Jorge Sincelo (Siglo VIII o IX).
Hatti o Imperio hitita [a] fue un Estado de la Antigüedad que se originó cerca del siglo xvii a. C. y sucumbió cerca del siglo xii a. C.[2]
[a] En ocasiones también hititas, hetitas o heteos.[1]
[1] Dixon Douglas, James; Chapin Tenney, Merrill (1997). Diccionario Bíblico Mundo Hispano: NIV. Editorial Mundo Hispano. p. 347. ISBN 0311036686. Consultado el 10 de agosto de 2017.
[2] González Salazar, J. M. (2003). «El Imperio Hitita. Características esenciales y cauces de desarrollo de una organización imperial hegemónica del Oriente Próximo (II milenio a.C.)». Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) 21 (1): 11. ISSN 1698-2444. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2017.
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REVIEW
Ptolemy’s “Canon” unreliable
The “Canon” of Ptolemy cannot be used to reconstruct Babylonian succession. This is because it is an ASTRONOMICAL treatise.
It does not even pretend to be a History of the Babylonian Kings list.
Ptolemy compiled his information to back up the (at that time) astonishing accuracy with which astronomical events could be predicted and traced using his model of the solar system expounded in the Almagest.
So if no notable event happened in the reign of a particular king, he is not mentioned.
However events which could be traced to a date and time, are mentioned, and the King ruling at the time named. This would facilitate tracing the records made by the Babylonians who were expert observers of celestial phenomena.
REVIEW ANIF? The fact that the Witchtower tries to discredit the Babylonian chronicles by naming Ptolemy and omitting all mention of the Egibi records,shows a cheap school debating team type of argument that does not hold up to scrutiny.
WT BUT READ https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/wp20111001/When-Was-Ancient-Jerusalem-Destroyed-Part-One/
REVIEW
Dating the reigns of Xerxes and Artaxerxes
• June 2015
• Conference: RAI 61
• At: University of Geneva
• Project: PhD Archaeology and History of Ancient Worlds
Gérard Gertoux
• Université Lumiere Lyon 2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312069819_Dating_the_reigns_of_Xerxes_and_Artaxerxes
https://www.biblioiranica.info/dating-the-reigns-of-xerxes-and-artaxerxes/
Darius set his son xerxes King before he died 5 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7#note2r4
El fundador de Wikipedia admite que sus contenidos pueden contener errores
Como todas las ‘wikis’ su edición es colaborativa, está abierta cualquier persona y carece de «un criterio formal de corrección»
SERGIO EGUÍA Martes, 6 noviembre 2007, 02:15
https://www.elcomercio.es/gijon/20071106/sociedad/fundador-wikipedia-admite-contenidos-20071106_amp.html
Ptolemy canon does not mention ptolomeo x and xi. It is interesting to know that it does mention a 14 ca year old king named alexander iv
READ https://theopolisinstitute.com/the-mysterious-numbers-of-edwin-r-thiele/
READ SECULAR but MAYBE IMPORTANT http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Hyksos/Hyksos.htm
Darius Alexander Philip years differ in Tableta IM 65066 Lista de los reyes de Uruk lavia.org
The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses. The Canon was preserved by the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, and is thus known sometimes as Ptolemy’s Canon.
The Canon derives originally from Babylonian sources.
The Flood itself is also mentioned in other Mesopotamian literature such as the Sumerian King List, which lists kings both from before the Flood and from after the Flood, thus dividing the history into two eras, pre- and post-Flood.5 The King List, after giving a summary of the antediluvian era as ‘five cities were they; eight kings reigned there 241,200 years’ (col. i 36-38), refers to the Flood:
The Flood swept thereover. After the Flood had swept thereover, when the kingship was lowered from heaven the kingship was in Kish (col. i 39-42) (Jacobsen 1939: 77).
https://biblearchaeology.org/research/topics-by-chronology/flood-of-noah/4227-genesis-and-ancient-near-eastern-stories-of-creation-and-flood-part-iv
https://biblearchaeology.org/research/flood/3370-a-universal-flood…
The Sumerian King List is an ancient text in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship.
The Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the great deluge.
The “antediluvian” reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3,600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).[18] Attempts have been made to map these numbers into more reasonable regnal lengths.[19]
[18] “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2011-03-10. Christine Proust, “Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration,” Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2009, ISSN 1540-8779
[19] R.K. Harrison, “Reinvestigating the Antediluvian Sumerian King List,” JETS, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 3-8, (Mar 1993)
It reads “After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years.”
En-men-lu-ana 12 sars (43,200 years)
In the Sumerian epic entitled Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, in a speech of Enmerkar. S.N. Kramer’s 1940 translation is as follows:
Once upon a time there was no snake, there was no scorpion,
There was no hyena, there was no lion,
There was no wild dog, no wolf,
There was no fear, no terror,
Man had no rival.
In those days, the lands of Subur (and) Hamazi,
Harmony-tongued Sumer, the great land of the decrees of princeship,
Uri, the land having all that is appropriate,
The land Martu, resting in security,
The whole universe, the people in unison
To Enlil in one tongue [spoke].
(Then) Enki, the lord of abundance (whose) commands are trustworthy,
The lord of wisdom, who understands the land,
The leader of the gods,
Endowed with wisdom, the lord of Eridu
Changed the speech in their mouths, [brought] contention into it,
Into the speech of man that (until then) had been one.
REVIEW The creation of life and sickness. The making of man. Uniter of languages. The deluge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
REVIEW bible.ca/nimrod
JOURNAL ARTICLE The “Babel of Tongues”: A Sumerian Version Samuel Noah KramerJournal of the American Oriental SocietyVol. 88, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar., 1968), pp. 108-111 (4 pages)Published By: American Oriental Society https://doi.org/10.2307/597903 https://www.jstor.org/stable/597903 https://www.jstor.org/stable/597903
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Nabonidus cylinders from Ur are also noteworthy because they mention a son named Belshazzar,[1] who is mentioned in the Book of Daniel. The cylinders state:
“As for me, Nabonidus, king of Babylon, save me from sinning against your great godhead and grant me as a present a life long of days, and as for Belshazzar, the eldest son -my offspring- instill reverence for your great godhead in his heart and may he not commit any cultic mistake, may he be sated with a life of plenitude.”[2]
[1] https://www.livius.org/na-nd/nabonidus/cylinder.html
[2] https://www.livius.org/na-nd/nabonidus/cylinder-ur.html The translation of the Nabonidus Cylinder was made by Paul-Alain Beaulieu, who is also the author of The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C. (1989).
Ptolomy Darius iii regnal years differ from other sources which read he would have been pharaoh of Egypt for 4 years and king of Persia for 6 years over the same time
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III
Artaxerxes iii some sources read 20 not 21
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III
The last century of the Achaemenid era is notable for lacking in sources, especially during the reign of Darius III. He is not attested in any Persian sources and is almost completely only known from the reports of Greek historians, who portray his career as a contradiction to that of the successful Alexander the Great.[1]
[1] EIr. 1994, pp. 51–54.
Refuting Challenges to the Accepted Chronology of Achaemenid Empire
by Kenneth C. Griffith and Darrell K. White on March 31, 2021
Featured in Answers Research Journal
https://answersingenesis.org/bible-history/refuting-challenges-accepted-chronology-achaemenid-empire/
Sennacherib reigned for 24 years in assyria but ptolemy’s canon read 8 but he was king in babylonia too
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib
Ptolemy compiled his list some 600 years after the Neo-Babylonian period ended. So how did he determine the date when the first king on his list began to reign? Ptolemy explained that by using astronomical calculations based in part on eclipses, “we have derived to compute back to the beginning of the reign of Nabonassar,” the first king on his list.4 Thus, Christopher Walker of the British Museum says that Ptolemy’s canon was “an artificial scheme designed to provide astronomers with a consistent chronology” and was “not to provide historians with a precise record of the accession and death of kings.”5
4. Almagest, III, 7, translated by G. J. Toomer, in Ptolemy’s Almagest, published 1998, page 166. Ptolemy knew that Babylonian astronomers used mathematical schemes to “compute” the times of past and future eclipses because they discovered that eclipses of the same character reoccur every 18 years.—Almagest, IV, 2.
5. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period, pages 17-18.
How does Ptolemy’s list compare with that cuneiform record? The box “How Does Ptolemy’s Canon Compare With Ancient Tablets?” (see below) shows a portion of the canon and compares this with an ancient cuneiform document. Notice that Ptolemy lists only four kings between the Babylonian rulers Kandalanu and Nabonidus. However, the Uruk King List—a part of the cuneiform record—reveals that seven kings ruled in between. Were their reigns brief and negligible? One of them, according to cuneiform economic tablets, ruled for seven years.8
8. Sin-sharra-ishkun ruled for seven years, and 57 economic tablets of this king are dated from his accession year through year seven. See Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 35, 1983, pages 54-59.
http://babylon-online.org/bibliography/articles/brinkman-kennedy-1983
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Documentary Evidence for the Economic Base of Early Neo-Babylonian Society: A Survey of Dated Babylonian Economic Texts, 721-626 B.C.
J. A. Brinkman and D. A. Kennedy
Journal of Cuneiform Studies
Vol. 35, No. 1/2 (Jan. – Apr., 1983), pp. 1-90 (90 pages)
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research
Previous Item|Next Item
https://doi.org/10.2307/3515942
Stable URL
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3515942
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Lucius Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Πολυΐστωρ; flourished in the first half of the 1st century BC; also called Alexander of Miletus) was a Greek scholar who was enslaved by the Romans during the Mithridatic War and taken to Rome as a tutor.
Amel-Marduk
BEROSSUS c. 350-270 B.C.E. (2)
POLYHISTOR 105-? B.C.E. (12) REF??
JOSEPHUS 37-?100 C.E. (18)
PTOLEMY c. 100-170 C.E. (2)
His name, along with the length of his reign, are recorded in the Canon of Ptolemy, and some scholars point to three separate namesakes mentioned in a list of reigning kings held by the Sumerian civilization existent 2,000 years prior, leaving the timeline of his reign unclear. No surviving cuneiform documents record his life or deeds, suggesting that the men mentioned in both lists may have instead shared a family name, or had a common ancestor with Amel-Marduk.[3]
[3] Sack, 1992.
Berossus also notes that “he governed public affairs after an illegal and impure manner,” possibly an allusion to actions that infuriated the priestly class,[6] including reforms made to the policies of Nebuchadnezzar.[7]
[6] Hirsch 1901-1906
[7] Oded 2007
One such reform is recorded in the Hebrew Bible,[8] where Evil-Merodach (Hebrew: אֱוִיל מְרֹדַךְ ʾĕwīl marōḏaḵ) is remembered for releasing the Jewish king Jehoiachin from prison after 37 years in captivity.
[8] 2 Kings 25:27, Jeremiah 52:31
Berossus[a] was a Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer, a priest of Bel Marduk[2] and astronomer who wrote in the Koine Greek language, and who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.
[a] /bəˈrɒsəs/ or Berosus (/bəˈroʊsəs/; name possibly derived from Akkadian: Bēl-rē’u-šu, “Bel is his shepherd”; Greek: Βήρωσσος)[1]
[1] The suggestion was made by Heinrich Zimmern; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, “Neue Studien zu Berossos” Klio22 (1929:29)
[2] Seneca Nat. Questiones III.29: “Berosus, qui Belum interpretatus est…”, “Berossus, who expounded the doctrine of Bel/Marduk” (interpretatus) as rendered by W. G. Lambert, “Berossus and Babylonian Eschatology” Iraq,38.2 (Autumn 1976:171-173) p. 172.
Some hysos reigned in Egypt. Ancient people trust in pagan gods
People started masking with Christianity after miracles
Following Nebuchadnezzar, his son Amilmarudochus ruled for 12 years. Eusebius’ Chronicle Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicle, Book 1 (2008) [Translated by Robert Bedrosian] http://www.attalus.org/armenian/euseb2.htm http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_chronicon_02_text.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20120721113055/http://rbedrosian.com/euseb2.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20121030121237/http://rbedrosian.com/euseb.html
Alexander Polyhistor Upon the Jews Text of the fragments Περὶ Ἰουδαίων is to be found in Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, ix. 17; Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromata i. 21, 130, and Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, iii. 211–230; prose extracts, from a new collation of the manuscripts, in Freudenthal, “Alexander Polyhistor,” pp. 219–236. Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Tr. E.H. Gifford (1903) — Book 9 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_09_book9.htm https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02101.htm
REVIEW It is to be noted that Jehoiachin would have been 55 (18+37) and it has been remarked that his life relied on his benefactor Evil-Merodach. No mention is made in the scriptural account of his demise nor of his benefactor which under the circumstances of the time would have been important enough to report, unless it happened much later. This could be why other sources report the lifespan of Evil-Merodach to be longer than that reported by Berosus. IE. Josephus, not in his “Against Apion” where he quotes Berosus but in his “Antiquities of the Jews” he states: “When Evil-Merodach was dead, after a reign of eighteen years, …”. Polyhistor had mentioned 12 years in his writings on the Jews. http://www.biblewiki.be/wiki/Evilmerodach/
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