El italiano Micah Barak identificó la pieza como un objeto llamado «fondo de Isis», por la diosa egipcia Isis, que produce la empresa alemana Weber como protección y cura «energética». Quién y para qué lo enterró allí sigue siendo un misterio. https://www.abc.es/recreo/abci-misterioso-objeto-intrigaba-autoridad-antiguedades-israel-201512231117_noticia.html
Resuelto el misterio matemático de la tabla de Babilonia hallada por el auténtico Indiana Jones
Científicos aseguran haber encontrado la evidencia de trigonometría más antigua de la Historia en una talla de 3.700 años de antigüedad. Además, creen que refleja una nueva metodología más precisa y sencilla que la empleada hoy en día ABC.ESMADRIDActualizado:29/08/2017 12:05h https://www.abc.es/ciencia/abci-resuelto-misterio-matematico-tabla-babilonia-hallada-autentico-indiana-jones-201708262111_noticia.html Recibe el nombre de Plimpton 322 y es una pequeña tabla de arcilla tallada hace 3.700 años en la antigua ciudad de Larsa, en Babilonia.
Esta interesante y enigmática pieza fue descubierta a principios del siglo pasado en el Imperio Otomano, en los territorios que hoy ocupa Iraq. El artífice del hallazgo fue Edgar Banks, un notable personaje que fue arqueólogo, académico, diplomático y comerciante de antigüedades. La tabla, ahora almacenada en la Universidad de Columbia (Estados Unidos) acumuló polvo durante décadas después de ser descubierta.
Carn Brea Castle on Carn Brea is a 14th-century grade II listed granite stone building which was extensively remodelled in the 18th century as a hunting lodge in the style of a castle for the Basset family. The building is in private use as a restaurant.[1]
[1] Chapman, Sarah; Chapman, David (2008), Iconic Cornwall, Alison Hodge Publishers, p. 16, ISBN978-0-906720-57-8
Resumen: El sello de oro del rey de Na es una pieza arqueológica designada como Tesoro Nacional Japonés, cuya interpretación ha sido polémica a lo largo de los siglos.https://www.ucm.es › file › b…PDF El sello de oro del rey de Na – Universidad Complutense de Madrid
READ tesoro anglosajon monedas de plata ruinaa enigmaticas fosil de espera animal Venus de Willendorf
The upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus) was a species of moa endemic to New Zealand. It was a member of the ratite family, a type of flightless bird with no keel on the sternum. It was the last moa species to become extinct, vanishing around 1500 CE, and was predominantly found in alpine and sub-alpine environments.
The lead codices—this year’s ‘Gospel of Judas’? by Lita Sanders Published: 17 April 2011 (GMT+10) Recently, it has come to light that Oxford’s Dr. Peter Thonemann has staked his career on the assertion that at least one of the codices (this one a copper one) is a forgery produced in the last 50 years. This is based on some of the ‘Hebrew’ on the codices being lifted from an Aramaic/Greek inscription first published in 1958 from a tombstone.10 This evidence seems particularly damning and is convincing evidence of a rather unintelligent forgery. As such, this doesn’t bode well for the collection as a whole. The major news organizations are however, at the time of writing (5 April), still running irresponsible stories about the codices being ‘the earliest Christian documents’ and them containing ‘the earliest picture of Jesus’. Christians should neither be over-excited at the prospect of ‘new revelation’ such documents could give about earliest Christianity, nor should their faith be challenged by them. https://creation.com/lead-codices
READ juguetes radioactivos atómicos 1950 la radiation no estaba mal vista drogas en alimentos y medicamentos xx vino de cocaina histeria mujer orgasmo masajes 1913-15 envio de niños por correo jaulas para bebes excursiones a manicomios coleccionar partes del cuerpo ermitaños en el jardin
El Codex Gigas (en latín: ‘libro grande’), también conocido como Códice Gigas, Códice del Diablo o Códice de Satanás, es un antiguomanuscritomedieval en pergamino creado a principios del siglo xiii y escrito en latín presuntamente por el monje Germán el Recluso del monasterio de Podlažice (en Chrudim, centro de la actual República Checa).
El Libro de Dzyan (que comprende las Estancias de Dzyan) es un supuesto antiguo texto de origen tibetano. Las Estancias sirvió de base para La doctrina secreta (1888), una de las obras fundacionales del movimiento teosófico, de Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.
The Malleus Maleficarum,[2] usually translated as the Hammer of Witches,[3][a] is the best known treatise on witchcraft.[6][7] It was written by the Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer (under his Latinized name Henricus Institor) and first published in the German city of Speyer in 1486. It has been described as the compendium of literature in demonology of the 15th century. The top theologians of the Inquisition at the Faculty of Cologne condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent with Catholic doctrines of demonology.
- Alternative translations: The Witch Hammer,[4] Hammer for Sorceresses,[5] Hammer Against Witches, Hammer For Witches
- Translator Montague Summers consistently uses “the Malleus Maleficarum” (or simply “the Malleus“) in his 1928 and 1948 introductions. “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2016-02-05. “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ In his translation of the Malleus Maleficarum, Christopher S. Mackay explains the terminology at length – sorcerer is used to preserve the relationship of the Latin terminology. ‘”Malefium” = act of sorcery (literally an act of ‘evil-doing’), while “malefica” = female performers of sorcery (evil deeds) and “maleficus” = male performer of evil deeds; sorcery, sorceress, and sorcerer.”
- ^ Guiley (2008), p. 223′.
- ^ Mackay (2009).
- ^ a b Mackay (2009), p. 1.
- ^ Summers (2012), p. vii, Introduction to 1948 edition: “It is hardly disputed that in the whole vast literature of witchcraft, the most prominent, the most important, the most authoritative volume is the Malleus Maleficarum” (The Witch Hammer) of Heinrich Kramer (Henricus Institioris) and James Sprenger.”
The Copiale cipher is an encrypted manuscript consisting of 75,000 handwritten characters filling 105 pages in a bound volume.[1] Undeciphered for more than 260 years, the document was cracked in 2011 with the help of modern computer techniques. An international team consisting of Kevin Knight of the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute and USC Viterbi School of Engineering, along with Beáta Megyesi and Christiane Schaefer of Uppsala University in Sweden, found the cipher to be an encrypted German text. The manuscript is a homophonic cipher that uses a complex substitution code, including symbols and letters, for its text and spaces.[2]
Previously examined by scientists at the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin in the 1970s, the cipher was thought to date from between 1760 and 1780.[3] Decipherment revealed that the document had been created in the 1730s by a secret society[1][2][4] called the “high enlightened (Hocherleuchtete) oculist order”[5] of Wolfenbüttel,[6] or Oculists.[5][7][8] The Oculists used sight as a metaphor for knowledge.[9]
A parallel manuscript is kept at the Staatsarchiv Wolfenbüttel.[5]
The Copiale cipher includes abstract symbols, as well as letters from Greek and most of the Roman alphabet. The only plain text in the book is “Copiales 3” at the end and “Philipp 1866” on the flyleaf. Philipp is thought to have been an owner of the manuscript.[5] The plain-text letters of the message were found to be encoded by accented Roman letters, Greek letters and symbols, with unaccented Roman letters serving only to represent spaces.
The researchers found that the initial 16 pages describe an Oculist initiation ceremony. The manuscript portrays, among other things, an initiation ritual in which the candidate is asked to read a blank piece of paper and, on confessing inability to do so, is given eyeglasses and asked to try again, and then again after washing the eyes with a cloth, followed by an “operation” in which a single eyebrow hair is plucked.[10]
- “Computer Scientist Cracks Mysterious ‘Copiale Cipher'”. American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b New York Times: John Markoff, “How revolutionary tools cracked a 1700s code,” October 24, 2011, retrieved October 25, 2011
- ^ “Rätsel nach 250 Jahren gelöst: Forscher entschlüsseln mysteriöse Geheimschrift”. bild.de. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ [1] Archived 2011-11-12 at the Wayback Machine(the complete proceedings) or [2] (the relevant presentation): Knight, Kevin, Megyesi, Beáta and Schaefer, Christiane “The Copiale Cipher,” Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on building and using comparable corpora, pages 2–9, 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Comparable Linguistics, 24 June 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011
- ^ a b c d e Knight, Kevin; Megyesi, Beáta; Schaefer, Christiane (2011). “The Copiale Cipher”. Uppsala Universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi website. Retrieved 2011-10-25. Includes images of the full text, as well as full translations in German and English.
- ^ Henning, Aloys “Eine frühe Loge des 18. Jahrhunderts: ‘Die Hocherleuchtete Oculisten-Gesellschaft’ in Wolfenbüttel”, in: Europa in der frühen Neuzeit, Festschrift für Günter Mühlpfordt 5, Aufklärung in Europa, hg. Erich Donnert, Köln/Weimar/Wien 1999, S. 65–82.
- ^ a b Shactman, Noah (16 November 2012). “They Cracked This 250-Year-Old Code, and Found a Secret Society Inside”. Wired. 20 (12). Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ USC Scientist Cracks Mysterious “Copiale Cipher”on YouTube, on the official USC channel.
- ^ Shachtman, Noah (Nov 16, 2012). “They Cracked This 250-Year-Old Code, and Found a Secret Society Inside”. Wired. 20 (12). Retrieved May 13, 2020 – via www.wired.com.
- ^ a b Boyle, Alan (October 25, 2011). “Secret society’s code cracked”. MSNBC. Archived from the originalon November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ James D. Hodgkins (April 2012). “The Copiale Cipher: An Early German Masonic Ritual Unveiled”. scottishrite.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
ERRORS ARE FEARED IN CARBON DATING
By Malcolm W. Browne
- May 31, 1990 https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/us/errors-are-feared-in-carbon-dating.html
Scientists at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University at Palisades, N.Y., reported today in the British journal Nature that some estimates of age based on carbon analyses were wrong by as much as 3,500 years. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age estimates obtained using two different methods – analysis of radioactive carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in the sample. In some cases, the latter ratio appears to be a much more accurate gauge of age than the customary method of carbon dating, the scientists said.
- NEWS
- 19 May 2020
Carbon dating, the archaeological workhorse, is getting a major reboot
A long-anticipated recalibration of radiocarbon dating could shift the age of some prehistoric samples hundreds of years
- Nicola Jones https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01499-y
Radiocarbon dating — a key tool used for determining the age of prehistoric samples — is about to get a major update. For the first time in seven years, the technique is due to be recalibrated using a slew of new data from around the world. The result could have implications for the estimated ages of many finds — such as Siberia’s oldest modern human fossils, which according to the latest calibrations are 1,000 years younger than previously thought.
The work combines thousands of data points from tree rings, lake and ocean sediments, corals and stalagmites, among other features, and extends the time frame for radiocarbon dating back to 55,000 years ago — 5,000 years further than the last calibration update in 2013.
Fluctuating radiocarbon offsets observed in the southern Levant and implications for archaeological chronology debates
Sturt W. Manning, Carol Griggs, Brita Lorentzen, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, View ORCID ProfileDavid Chivall, View ORCID ProfileA. J. Timothy Jull, and Todd E. Lange
See all authors and affiliationsPNAS June 12, 2018 115 (24) 6141-6146; first published May 29, 2018; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719420115
- Edited by Edouard Bard, Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’ Environnement, Aix-en-Provence, France, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Thure E. Cerling May 6, 2018 (received for review November 7, 2017)
Significance
We observe a substantive and fluctuating offset in measured radiocarbon ages between plant material growing in the southern Levant versus the standard Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon calibration dataset derived from trees growing in central and northern Europe and North America. This likely relates to differences in growing seasons with a climate imprint. This finding is significant for, and affects, any radiocarbon application in the southern Levant region and especially for high-resolution archaeological dating—the focus of much recent work and scholarly debate, especially surrounding the timeframe of the earlier Iron Age (earlier Biblical period). Our findings change the basis of this debate; our data point to lower (more recent) ages by variously a few years to several decades. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/24/6141
Dating consideration
The variation in the 14
C/12
C ratio in different parts of the carbon exchange reservoir means that a straightforward calculation of the age of a sample based on the amount of 14
C it contains will often give an incorrect result. There are several other possible sources of error that need to be considered. The errors are of four general types:
- variations in the 14
C/12
C ratio in the atmosphere, both geographically and over time; - isotopic fractionation;
- variations in the 14
C/12
C ratio in different parts of the reservoir; - contamination.
El radiocarbono ayuda a datar objetos antiguos, pero no es un método perfecto
Durante casi 70 años, los arqueólogos han medido los niveles de carbono 14 para datar lugares y artefactos. Por Erin Blakemore
Publicado 21 feb 2020 13:05 CET https://www.nationalgeographic.es/ciencia/2020/02/radiocarbono-data-objetos-antiguos-pero-no-es-perfecto
La calibración presenta otra dificultad. Con la llegada de la era industrial, los humanos empezamos a emitir mucho más dióxido de carbono y a diluir la cantidad de radiocarbono de la atmósfera. Los ensayos nucleares también afectan a los niveles de radiocarbono y a partir de la década de 1950 incrementaron drásticamente los niveles de carbono 14. Los métodos estadísticos modernos y las bases de datos actualizadas permiten a los científicos tener en cuenta los efectos de los humanos en la atmósfera terrestre.
La datación por radiocarbono no es una solución milagrosa: el contexto lo es todo y puede ser complicado determinar si existe una relación temporal entre dos objetos en un yacimiento arqueológico. Con todo, es la herramienta de datación más precisa de la que disponen los arqueólogos, todo gracias a la desintegración predecible del carbono 14.
Ancient tissue found in 195 million-year-old dinosaur rib
By Ashley Strickland, CNN
Updated 11:09 AM EST, Fri February 03, 2017 https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2017/02/03/world/dinosaur-rib-195-million-year-old-collagen-history/index.html
Preservation by Iron?
What is more, there are several chemistry problems with the iron model. The same chemical reactions that cause cross-linking in proteins will also cause other reactions that will accelerate protein decay.31 Plus, these same chemical reactions would cause the amino acids within that protein to be chemically altered. However, numerous “intact” amino acids, such as methionine and tyrosine, are frequently found in extracted dinosaur proteins. These are highly reactive molecules that would almost certainly be chemically altered following significant iron-induced reactions within a protein molecule.32 Thus, we simply do not find the expected chemical footprint within dinosaur proteins if cross-linking were a major preservation mechanism.
Other conditions have also been proposed that might contribute to tissue preservation. However, these claims are often self-contradictory. High temperature and high/low pH can inhibit enzymatic and microbial activity, which reduces their degradative effects on tissue. Yet these temperature and pH conditions will also accelerate decay of the tissue and protein. Excluding oxygen would appear to be a significant preservation factor (oxygen will often accelerate chemical reactions). However, recent experimental evidence indicates that oxygen can help in preservation (at least for short periods of time).33 Water-free environments would certainly help preserve the tissue, but water is needed for those fossilization processes that would facilitate tissue preservation. Modest amounts of water will also help stabilize collagen.34 Furthermore, no preservation condition would protect the tissue from the devastating effect of millions of years of exposure to ground radiation.35
- John M. DeMassa and Edward Boudreaux, “Dinosaur Peptide Preservation and Degradation,” Creation Research Society Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2015): 268–285.
- Ibid.
- Schweitzer et al., “A Role for Iron and Oxygen Chemistry in Preserving Soft Tissues.”
- Christopher A. Miles and Michael Ghelashvili. “Polymer-in-a-Box Mechanism for the Thermal Stabilization of Collagen Molecules in Fibers,” Biophysical Journal 76, no. 6 (1999): 3243–3252, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77476-X.
- Anderson, Echoes of the Jurassic .
https://answersingenesis.org/fossils/dinosaur-tissue/
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