Perhaps they felt it unwise to promote a text that heralded the successful outcome of a Jewish revolt. It may have posed a threat both internally and externally. The Romans would certainly not look kindly upon the popularization of such a text, since it might very well reintroduce the concept of revolt to a population desperately trying to survive the devastating outcome of its own failed attempts. Ironically, this very internal/external struggle lies at the core of the Hanukkah story, and perhaps it was this very struggle playing out again in history that prevented the basic texts about Hanukkah from being included within the biblical canon.
Although the Books of Maccabees were not included within the Hebrew Bible, they are still of value. Yet even this is difficult within a traditional Jewish context, due to another historical layer. First and Second Maccabees were included in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible originally prepared for the Jewish community of Alexandria. However, the Septuagint became the official version of the Bible for the nascent Christian Church. When this happened, its authoritative nature was rejected by the Jewish community. Ironically, the Books of Maccabees survived because they became part of the Christian canon, for otherwise they most certainly would have been lost during the centuries. But once this Christian canonization occurred, these books became lost to the Jewish world for many centuries.
Today there is a renewed interest in these books within the Jewish community. Students of Jewish history and Jewish literature recognize the value of these documents that took such pains to record details, events and personalities of a major period in Jewish history. While not considered as part of the canon in any Jewish community, the books are again being read and studied to help enrich our understanding and our celebration of Hanukkah.
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/omitting-the-maccabees/
Los asmoneos o hasmoneos (en hebreo חשמונאים, Ḥašmōnaʔim) fueron los sucesores directos de los macabeos,[1]quienes lograron establecer un poderoso reino en lo que hoy es Israel y Palestina.
[1] En I Macabeos y II Macabeos se narran las historias de esta primera dinastía, pero lo que se conoce de los Asmoneos nos viene principalmente por Flavio Josefo en sus Guerras de los judíos I.
Los saduceos (צדוקים – Tsdoqim ‘hijos del Sumo Sacerdote Tzadoq’), si se hiciera un señalamiento moderno, eran el partido liberal del tiempo, en favor del helenismo y abiertos a las innovaciones occidentales, por lo que eran aristocráticos y dominaban el sacerdocio y el Templo. Estuvieron siempre a favor de la dinastía Asmonea y resistieron valientemente el asedio de Pompeyo el Grande. Son ampliamente mencionados en el Nuevo Testamento y solo se extinguieron con la destrucción definitiva del Templo por parte de los romanos en el año 70.
Parece ser que había dos tipos de Saduceos: los sacerdotes descendientes de Sadoq, de tiempos del Rey David, y un partido religioso, discípulos de Sadoq que fue alumno de Antígonos de Sojo. Eso crea grandes dificultades en el momento de discernir entre ellos.
Los fariseos (פרושים – prushim) eran en cambio en términos modernos, el partido conservador, celosos defensores de la religión y las tradiciones ancestrales, observantes estrictos de la Ley de Moisés (Torá), hostiles a cualquier elemento helenista que consideraban pagano hasta el punto que tener una relación con lo que no era judío era visto por ellos como un acto de idolatría. Los fariseos eran por naturaleza patriotas y si en principio apoyaron las aspiraciones de Juan Hircano I, pronto se opusieron a sus políticas para nada religiosas. Sólo con la Reina Alexandra Salomé tuvieron una gran prosperidad, lo que les permitió trabajar en el moldeamiento de la religión, lo que subsistiría por generaciones futuras. También son mencionados ampliamente en el Nuevo Testamento y contrariamente a lo que se piensa, algunos de ellos se hicieron cristianos, entre ellos el más célebre fue Pablo de Tarso. Pero la mayoría de ellos, después de la destrucción del Templo y con el traslado del centro religioso a la ciudad costera de Yavne (Jabne), ayudaron a sentar las raíces del Rabinismo.
Los grandes silenciosos de la historia, los esenios, también surgen en este periodo de la dinastía asmonea y fueron incluso más radicales que los fariseos. Después de que los asmoneos dejan como establecido su derecho al título de Sumo Sacerdote y Rey de Israel, ambos reglamentados en las Escrituras y los Profetas como prerrogativa absoluta de un descendiente del Sumo Sacerdote Sadoq[18] y del rey David,[19] un grupo de judíos estrictamente observantes abandonan Jerusalén y se establecen en las cuevas del Valle del mar Muerto en donde se dedican a una vida ascética a la espera del Mesías. Gracias a ellos, se conservaron papiros bíblicos en lo que se conoce como Rollos del Mar Muerto. También ellos desaparecieron con la destrucción que los romanos hicieron en Israel en el 70 y su nombre fue olvidado por siglos hasta el descubrimiento de las grutas de Qumrán en 1947.
- El Sumo Sacerdote Sadoq, hijo de Ajitub, fue confirmado como tal por David (cfr. II Samuel 8, 17). El Profeta Ezequiel en Ez. 44, 15 ss, regulando la normatividad sacerdotal, dice: «Pero los sacerdotes levitas, hijos de Sadoq, que cumplieron mi ministerio en el santuario (…) estarán en mi presencia para ofrecerme la grasa y la sangre (…)». Por lo tanto, los Asmoneos no eran saduceos (hijos de Sadoq) y por lo tanto no tenían derecho a ser Sumos Sacerdotes.
- ↑ En innumerables pasajes bíblicos David recibe por revelación la promesa de que su descendencia reinará por siempre. Por medio del Profeta Natán dice: «Y cuando tus días se hayan cumplido y te acuestes con tus padres, afirmaré después de ti la descendencia que saldrá de tus entrañas y consolidaré el trono de tu realeza» (I Samuel 7, 12) y al Rey Salomón dice por medio del Profeta Ajías «(…) para que quede siempre a David mi siervo una lámpara en mi presencia delante de mí en Jerusalén, la ciudad que me elegí para poner allí mi Nombre» (I Reyes 11, 36), por esta razón, los Asmoneos no tenían derecho teológico a ser el Rey de Israel.
All of the Islamic evidence shows there are different canonical versions of the Qur’an used around the world today. They differ in their words, basic letters, diacritical dots, vowels, and the Basmalah; and these change the meaning of words and sentences.30 ene 2019 https://www.ugr.es › materiales › Gr… The Different Arabic Versions of the Qur’an – Are all Qur’ans the same?
CONCLUSION. We began this article by considering this common Islamic claim:
No other book in the world can match the Qur’an … The astonishing fact about this book of ALLAH is that it has remained unchanged, even to a dot, over the last fourteen hundred years. … No variation of text can be found in it. You can check this for yourself by listening to the recitation of Muslims from different parts of the world. (Basic Principles of Islam, p. 4)
This claim is wrong. All of the Islamic evidence shows there are different Qur’ans used around the world today. They differ in their words, basic letters, diacritical dots, vowels, and the Basmalah; and these change the meaning of words and sentences, and the number of words in the Qur’an. Not all Qur’ans are identical.
Islamic leaders should stop exaggerating about the Qur’an. If you are a Muslim, please do not believe or make these claims. If you are a Christian, do not believe these exaggerated claims.
This article only considers the different Qur’ans used in the world today. If you wish to learn about the different Qur’ans in Islam’s early history then read The Preservation of the Qur’an.
https://answering-islam.org/Green/seven.htm
Chapter 3: Did Muhammad only have one version of the Qur’an?
Again the answer is no. The Hadith records that Muhammad taught different versions of the Qur’an to his companions.
Narrated Umar bin Al-Khattab: I heard Hisham bin Hakim reciting Surat Al-Furqan during the lifetime of Allah’s Apostle and I listened to his recitation and noticed that he recited in several different ways which Allah’s Apostle had not taught me. I was about to jump over him during his prayer, but I controlled my temper and when he had completed his prayer, I put his upper garment around his neck and seized him by it and said, “Who taught you this Surat which I heard you reciting ?” He replied, “Allah’s Apostle taught it to me”. I said, “You have told a lie, for Allah’s Apostle taught it to me in a different way from yours”. So I dragged him to Allah’s Apostle and said, “I heard this person reciting Surat Al-Furqan in a way which you haven’t taught me!” On that Allah’s Apostle said, “Release him (Umar) recite, O Hisham!” Then he recited in the same way I heard him reciting. Then Allah’s Apostle said, “It was revealed in this way”, and added, “Recite, O Umar”, I recited it as he had taught me. Allah’s Apostle then said, “It was revealed in this way. This Qur’an has been revealed to be recited in seven different ways, so recite of it whichever is easier for you.” (Sahih al-Bukhari: vol. 6, bk. 61, no. 514)
https://answering-islam.org/Green/uthman.htm
REVIEW Secta masónica de los Rosa-Cruces, cuyos círculos pululaban en Alemania
REVIEW Masonería Hebraica de los B’nai B’rith 1936 París
READ jews protestants reformation
Logia Conciliar, Novus Ordo.
B’nai B’rith, literalmente Hijos de la Alianza, Hijos del Pacto o Hijos de la Luz (en hebreo בני ברית), es una organizaciónjudía con un sistema de filiales, con una sede mundial en Washington D. C., una sede en Bruselas y varias sedes en distintos países de América Latina y Europa.[1][2]
- «Quienes somos». B’nai B’rith Barcelona. Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2016.
- ↑ Saltar a:a b Francis J. Turner (2005). Encyclopedia of Canadian Social Work. Waterloo, ON : Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9780889204362. Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2016.
READ The Septuagint Translation of Jeremiah and Baruch emmanuel tov
El libro de Baruc existió primeramente como tres partes separadas e independientes que más tarde fueron reunidas y resultaron en el libro actual.
La Septuaginta muestra separado el capítulo 6 de Baruc, que se llama “Carta de Jeremías” y en las biblias de ciertas religiones se encuentra como libro separado. La Vulgata, desde el siglo ix, la junta con el libro de Baruc y la numera como un capítulo más.[1] La Carta de Jeremías es un discurso apologético contra la idolatría, y desarrolla aún más los conceptos estudiados por Jeremías e Isaías.[2][3]
- Canellis, Aline; Weber, Robert; Gryson, Roger (2017). Préfaces aux livres de la Bible. p. 217. ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2. OCLC 1013963114. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2021.
- ↑ Jeremias
- ↑ Isaias
Jeremías
Como se han encontrado fragmentos hebreos en los Rollos del Mar Muerto correspondientes tanto a la LXX como al masorético, se acepta comúnmente que las dos versiones derivan de dos tradiciones hebreas distintas, y que la forma del texto de la Septuaginta es probablemente la más antigua.[4] El erudito benedictino Pierre-Maurice Bogaert sugiere que, si el Libro de Baruc se adjunta a la versión de la Septuaginta de Jeremías, sigue como una continuación natural de la narrativa de la Septuaginta (capítulo 51:31-35 de la LXX, correspondiente al capítulo 45 truncado en el texto masorético).[5] Emanuel Tov propone una conclusión similar, señalando las características de una revisión redaccional consistente del texto de la Septuaginta de Jeremías desde el Capítulo 29 en adelante (corrigiendo las lecturas hacia el hebreo), una revisión que luego se traslada al texto griego de Baruc 1:1 a 3:8, lo que sugiere que estos una vez formaron un texto continuo.[6]
- Barton, John; Muddiman, John (25 de enero de 2007). The Oxford Bible Commentary (en inglés). Oxford University Press. pp. 699-700. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2021.
- ↑ Saltar a:a b c Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2005-12). «Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine. Disparition et réintégration». Revue Bénédictine (en francés) 115 (2): 286-342. ISSN 0035-0893. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100598. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2021.
- ↑ Tov, Emmanuel (1976). The Septuagint Translation of Jeremiah and Baruch: A Discussion of an Early Revision of Jeremiah 29–52 and Baruch 1:1–3:8. Scholars Press.
The Book of Baruch is sometimes referred to as 1 Baruch[4] to distinguish it from 2 Baruch, 3 Baruch and 4 Baruch.
Although the earliest known manuscripts of Baruch are in Greek, linguistic features of the first parts of Baruch (1:1–3:8) have been proposed as indicating a translation from a Semitic language.[5]
Although not in the Hebrew Bible, it is found in the Septuagint, in the Eritrean/Ethiopian Orthodox Bible, and also in Theodotion‘s Greek version.[6]
- Bible Society, Baruch, Bible Book Club, accessed 22 July 2019
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j John Barton; John Muddiman (25 January 2007). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6.
- ^ “Baruch” by P. P. Saydon, revised by T. Hanlon, in A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, ed. Reginald C. Fuller, Thomas Nelson, Inc. Publishers, 1953, 1975, §504j. The same source states that “[t]here is also evidence that Baruch was read in Jewish synagogues on certain festivals during the early centuries of the Christian era (Thackeray, 107-11)”, i.e. Henry St. John Thackeray, The Septuagint and Jewish Worship, 1923.
The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremiah, is a deuterocanonical book of the Old Testament; this letter is attributed to Jeremiah[1] to the Jews who were about to be carried away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. It is included in Roman Catholic Bibles as the final chapter of the Book of Baruch (Baruch 6). It is also included in Orthodox Bibles as a separate book, as well as in the Apocrypha of the Authorized Version.
[1]Charles, Robert Henry (1911). “Jeremy, Epistle of” . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 325.
The earliest evidence for the text of the Book of Baruch is in quotations in the works of early Christian Church Fathers; the earliest citation being in the Legatio pro Christianis: 9 of Athenagoras of Athens, dated 177.[5] Much the most extensive use of the Book of Baruch in patristic literature is in the Adversus Haereses: 5.35.1 (c. 180) of Irenaeus of Lyons; which draws extensively on Baruch 4:36 to 5:9.[12] Both Athenagorus and Irenaeus cite these readings as being from the Book of Jeremiah. A brief quotation appears also in the Paedagogus by Clement of Alexandria.[13] Increasingly from the 4th century onwards, however, Greek Fathers tend to cite such readings as from a ‘Book of Baruch’, although Latin Fathers consistently maintain the former practice of citing these texts as from Jeremiah, and where they do refer to a ‘Book of Baruch’ are to be understood as denoting the apocalyptic work, 2 Baruch.[14]
John Barton; John Muddiman (25 January 2007). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6.
- Adams, Sean A. (2014). Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah. Brill. p. 17.
- ^ Paedagogus, Book II, Ch. 3
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2005). “Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine. Disparition et réintégration”. Revue Bénédictine. 115 (2): 286–342. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100598.
The earliest Greek fragment (1st century BC) was discovered in Qumran.[7] Gifford reports that in his time “the great majority of competent and impartial critics” considered Greek to be the original language.[8] As one of these critics O. F. Fritzsche put it, “If any one of the Apocryphal books was composed in Greek, this certainly was.”[9] The strongest dissenter from this majority view was C. J. Ball, who marshalled the most compelling argument for a Hebrew original.[10] However, Yale Semitic scholar C. C. Torrey was not persuaded: “If the examination by a scholar of Ball’s thoroughness and wide learning can produce nothing better than this, it can be said with little hesitation that the language was probably not Hebrew.”[11] Torrey’s own conclusion was that the work was originally composed in Aramaic.[12] In recent years the tide of opinion has shifted and now the consensus is that the “letter” was originally composed in Hebrew (or Aramaic).[13]
- Baillet 1962, 143.
- ^ Gifford 1888, 288; cf. Torrey 1945, 65.
- ^ Fritzsche 1851, 206 as translated by Gifford 1888, 288.
- ^ Ball 1913, 597–98, and throughout the commentary; cf. Gifford 1888, 289.
- ^ Torrey 1945, 65; cf. Oesterley 1914, 508.
- ^ Torrey 1945, 66–67. Pfeiffer 1949, 430, supports Torrey’s Aramaic proposal, though noting that “its Hellenistic Greek style is fairly good.”
- ^ Metzger 1957, 96; Moore 1977, 327–27; Nickelsburg 1984, 148; Schürer 1987, 744 (opinion of revisers, Schürer himself thought it was “certainly of Greek origin” [Schürer 1896, 195]); Moore 1992, 704; Kaiser 2004, 62.
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