Tartary

The fire department in Moscow, Michigan. Credit: Photo courtesy of Erjan Aisabay.

The post office in Moscow, Texas. Credit: Photo courtesy of Erjan Aisabay.

A road sign in Moscow, Ohio in 1987. Credit: Photo courtsey of Ren Vasilyev.

Hagia Sophia (lit. ‘Holy Wisdom‘; Turkish: Ayasofya; Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, romanized: Hagía Sophía; Latin: Sancta Sapientia), officially the Hagia Sophia Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi),^[3] is a mosque and a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in 537 AD. It was an Orthodox church until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, then a mosque until 1935, then a museum and then from 2020 a mosque again, as well as being a Roman Catholic cathedral for some decades after the Fourth Crusade of 1204.^[4]

1. Emerson, William; van Nice, Robert L. (1950). “Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople”. American Journal of Archaeology. 54 (1): 28–40. doi:10.2307/500639. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 500639. S2CID 193099976.
2. ^ Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4. Hagia Sophia was consecrated on December 27, 537, five years after construction had begun. The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, referring to the Logos (the second entity of the Trinity) or, alternatively, Christ as the Logos incarnate.
3. ^ Eyice, Semavi (1991). Ayasofya [Hagia Sophia]. pp. 206–210. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
4. ^ Phillips, Jonathan (2005). The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-12188-7. OCLC 607531385.

A. [Alexander] Wylie (tr.): Translation of the Ts’ing wan k’e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (Shanghai: London Mission Press 1855) https://china-bibliographie.univie.ac.at/2010/09/22/wylie-translation-of-the-tsing-wan-ke-mung/

The Manchu Conquest of China F. W. WilliamsThe Journal of Race Development, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Oct., 1913), pp. 152-167 (16 pages) https://doi.org/10.2307/29737987 https://www.jstor.org/stable/29737987

The Manchus (Manchu: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ, Möllendorff: manju; Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú; Wade–Giles: Man³-tsu²)^A are a TungusicEast Asianethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.^[4][5]

1. National Census Bureau of Chinese State Council (2012). 《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下）》 [The Data of 2010 China Population Census]. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7503765070.
2. ^ 中華民國滿族協會. manchusoc.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
3. ^ “Research”. Ethnicity Research (《民族研究》) (in Simplified Chinese) (1–12): 21. 1997.
4. ^ “Ethnic Groups in China”. The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

Chinese Tartary (Chinese: 中國韃靼利亞; pinyin: Zhōngguó Dádálìyà) is an archaic geographical term referring to the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang (also referred to as Chinese Turkestan), and Tibet under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. The term “Tartar” was used by Europeans to refer to ethnicities living in northern, northeastern, and western China, including the Mongols, Manchus, Tibetans, and Central Asians. Some definitions include the Japanese (as indicated in violet on the map below). The regions are now more commonly referred to by scholars as Inner Asia.

Early European writers used the term “Tartar” indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia and referred to their lands as “Tartary”. By the seventeenth century, however, largely under the influence of Catholic missionary writings, the word “Tartar” came to refer to the Manchus, and the land they ruled as “Tartary”, referring to Manchuria and adjacent parts of Inner Asia ruled by the Qing dynasty.^[1][2] The term “Chinese Tartary” was used as early as 1734 on a map created by the French geographer and cartographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville (1697–1782), who published the map in the Nouvel atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie Chinoise et du Thibet (New atlas of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet) in 1738.

1. Dong, Shaoxin (2020), “The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century”, in Weststeijn, Thijs (ed.), Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800, Leiden: Brill, pp. 82–83, ISBN 9789004418929
2. ^ Woolley, Nathan (2016), Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911, National Library of Australia, p. 107, ISBN 9780642278760

Eurasia (/jʊəˈreɪʒə/ yoor-AY-zhə, also UK: /-ʃə/ -⁠shə) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.^[3][4] According to some geographers, physiographically, Eurasia is a single continent.^[4] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity, but their borders have historically been subject to change, for example to the ancient Greeks Asia originally included Africa but they classified Europe ^[5] as separate land. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and the two are sometimes combined to describe the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.^[6]

1. “Population of Europe (2023) – Worldometers”. www.worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
2. ^ “Population of Asia (2023) – Worldometers”. www.worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
3. ^ Nield, Ted. “Continental Divide”. Geological Society. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b c McDaniel, Melissa; Sprout, Erin; et al. (20 September 2011). “How many continents are there?”. Continent. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2017. By convention there are seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica. Some geographers list only six continents, combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia (Oceania), Africa, Antarctica, and the Americas.
5. ^ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2006). Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780521005210.
6. ^ McColl, R. W., ed. (2005). ‘continents’ – Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1. Golson Books Ltd. p. 215. ISBN 9780816072293. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2012. “And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia.“

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A53322.0001.001?view=toc

The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors – sent by Frederick Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia, begun in the year 1633 and finish’d in 1639 is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1662. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future. https://www.amazon.com/Voyages-Travels-Ambassadors/dp/3337956270

Adam Olearius (born Adam Ölschläger or Oehlschlaeger, 24 September 1599 – 22 February 1671) was a German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian. He became secretary to the ambassador sent by Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, to the Shah of Safavid (Iran), and published two books about the events and observations during his travels.

Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

Viceroyalty of New Spain Location 1819 (without Philippines).png

Viceroyalty of the New Spain 1800 (without Philippines).png

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España, Spanish pronunciation: [birejˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]ⁱ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish conquest of the Americas and having its capital in Mexico City. Its jurisdiction comprised a large area of the southern and western portions of North America, mainly what is now Mexico and the Southwestern United States, but also California and Florida; Central America, the Caribbean, and northern parts of South America; several Pacific Ocean archipelagos, most notably the Philippines and Guam; and numerous Asian port cities including Nagasaki and Spanish Formosa.

Early History of the San Francisco Fire Department https://sfmuseum.org/hist1/fire.html It was not until December 24, 1849, however, that this fear was realized. The following account of this is found in the “Annals of San Francisco”: “This morning about six o’clock, the awful cry of fire was raised in the city, and in a few hours property than a million dollars was totally destroyed. “The fire began in Dennison’s Exchange, about the middle of the eastern side of the Plaza, and, spreading both ways, consumed nearly all that side of the square, and the whole line of buildings on the south side of Washington street between Montgomery and Kearny streets. “This was the first of the great fires which devastated San Francisco, and it was to be speedily followed by still more extensive and disastrous occurrences of a similar character. Scarcely were the ashes cold when preparations were made to erect new buildings on the old sites, and within a few weeks the place was covered as densely as before with houses of every kind.”

San Francisco Chroniclewww.sfchronicle.com When San Francisco burned down — six times in a year and a half Apr 16, 2021 — The first of the great fires struck at 5:45 on the morning of Dec. 24, 1849. It started on the east side of Portsmouth Square at a gambling …

Great Fires: December 24, 1849 https://guardiansofthecity.org/sffd/fires/great_fires/dec_24_1849.html#:~:text=On%20December%2024%2C%201849%20at,Kearny%20Street%20opposite%20Portsmouth%20Square.

On December 24, 1849 at 6:00 AM, San Francisco’s first great fire ignited in Dennison’s Exchange, one of The City’s richest gambling houses on Kearny Street opposite Portsmouth Square.  Rising flames quickly destroyed Dennison’s and the south side of Washington Street between Kearny and Montgomery before the fearful blaze was halted by blowing-up and pulling down buildings at the inferno’s edge.  The newly-minted Gold Rush city was gone in a few short hours.  The next day, the volunteer fire department was established with The San Francisco, The Empire, and The Protection companies.  In less than a month of days, San Franciscans rebuilt their city.

Credits:
Barbary Coast Press, Rick Covell
Copy by Katherine York and Tim Keefe
Illustrations by David McMacken
San Francisco Vintage Firehouse Poster is on sale at the San Francisco Fire Museum Gift Shop.

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