Working sound

REVIEW https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6910796/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20laws%20of,and%20RNA%20(Figure%202).&text=2.

Chem Zvesti. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 May 28.Published in final edited form as:Chem Zvesti. 2015 Jan; 69(1): 112–133.Published online 2014 Nov 28. doi: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0051PMCID: PMC4884446EMSID: EMS68237PMID: 27242391 Graphene as a signal amplifier for preparation of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors Jaroslav Filip,^aPeter Kasák,^b and Jan Tkac^a Early diagnostics of diseases performed with minimal money and time consumption has become achievable due to recent advances in development of biosensors. These devices use biorecognition elements for selective interaction with an analyte and signal readout is obtained via different types of transducers. Operational characteristics of biosensors have been reported to improve substantially, when a diverse range of nanomaterials was employed. This review presents construction of electrochemical biosensors based on graphene, atomically thin 2D carbon crystals, which is currently intensively studied nanomaterial. The most attractive directions of graphene applications in biosensor preparation are discussed here including novel detection and amplification schemes exploiting graphene’s unique electrochemical, physical and chemical properties. The future of graphene-based biosensors is most likely bright, but there is still a lot of work to do to fulfill high expectations.Keywords: graphene, biosensors, nanomaterials, electrochemistry, affinity, immunoassays https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884446/

• Article
• Open Access
• Published: 25 November 2019

Whole-body exposures to radiofrequency-electromagnetic energy can cause DNA damage in mouse spermatozoa via an oxidative mechanism

• Brendan J. Houston, Brett Nixon, Kristen E. McEwan, Jacinta H. Martin, Bruce V. King, R. John Aitken & Geoffry N. De Iuliis 
• Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 17478 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract Artificially generated radiofrequency-electromagnetic energy (RF-EME) is now ubiquitous in our environment owing to the utilization of mobile phone and Wi-Fi based communication devices. While several studies have revealed that RF-EME is capable of eliciting biological stress, particularly in the context of the male reproductive system, the mechanistic basis of this biophysical interaction remains largely unresolved. To extend these studies, here we exposed unrestrained male mice to RF-EME generated via a dedicated waveguide (905 MHz, 2.2 W/kg) for 12 h per day for a period of 1, 3 or 5 weeks. The testes of exposed mice exhibited no evidence of gross histological change or elevated stress, irrespective of the RF-EME exposure regimen. By contrast, 5 weeks of RF-EME exposure adversely impacted the vitality and motility profiles of mature epididymal spermatozoa. These spermatozoa also experienced increased mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species after 1 week of exposure, with elevated DNA oxidation and fragmentation across all exposure periods. Notwithstanding these lesions, RF-EME exposure did not impair the fertilization competence of spermatozoa nor their ability to support early embryonic development. This study supports the utility of male germ cells as sensitive tools with which to assess the biological impacts of whole-body RF-EME exposure. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53983-9

J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014; 12: 15.Published online 2014 Jan 8. doi: 10.1186/2052-336X-12-15PMCID: PMC3897901PMID: 24401758

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA strand breaks in normal cells

Cosmin Teodor Mihai,¹Pincu Rotinberg,²Florin Brinza,³ and Gabriela Vochita²Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License informationDisclaimerThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC.Go to: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897901/

Abstract

Background Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields aren’t considered as a real carcinogenic agent despite the fact that some studies have showed impairment of the DNA integrity in different cells lines. The aim of this study was evaluation of the late effects of a 100 Hz and 5.6 mT electromagnetic field, applied continuously or discontinuously, on the DNA integrity of Vero cells assessed by alkaline Comet assay and by cell cycle analysis. Normal Vero cells were exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (100 Hz, 5.6 mT) for 45 minutes. The Comet assay and cell cycle analysis were performed 48 hours after the treatment.

Results Exposed samples presented an increase of the number of cells with high damaged DNA as compared with non-exposed cells. Quantitative evaluation of the comet assay showed a significantly (<0.001) increase of the tail lengths, of the quantity of DNA in tail and of Olive tail moments, respectively. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase of the frequency of the cells in S phase, proving the occurrence of single strand breaks. The most probable mechanism of induction of the registered effects is the production of different types of reactive oxygen species.

Conclusions The analysis of the registered comet indices and of cell cycle showed that extremely low frequency electromagnetic field of 100 Hz and 5.6 mT had a genotoxic impact on Vero cells.Keywords: ELF-EMF, 5.6 mT and 100 Hz, Continuous and discontinuous exposure, Comet assay, Cell cycle analysis, DNA damageGo to:

Background

The extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are omnipresent in human life, being generated by common appliances electrical conductors that cross the populated areas or the walls of houses, medical devices used in the treatment of different illness, electrical cars (used in the public transportation systems or as private cars) and electrical trains (underground or suburban electrical trains). Both in the case of the medical devices (mainly used in the physiotherapy) and of the electrical components of the cars and trains, the common generated frequency is that of 100 Hz [1]. Even though the patients or passengers are exposed for a short time, the deserving personnel are subject to prolonged exposure. Also, the combined treatment of 100 Hz magnetic field and X-rays has increased the survival time of hepatoma implanted Balbc mice as compared to magnetic field or X-rays treated groups [2], suggesting the possible use in oncotherapy.

The exposure of different cell lines or organisms to electromagnetic fields have produced a bulk of data that were sometimes contradictory and didn’t allow a concise and clear conclusion about the effects of electromagnetic fields on biological systems [3,4]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has evaluated the scientific data and has classified ELF magnetic fields as being “possibly carcinogenic” to human [5]. The worrying but contradictory epidemiologic or experimental data about the possible genotoxic effects of this kind of electromagnetic fields, suggesting the possible carcinogenetic effect, requires an enrichment of the pool of experimental information and the deciphering of its action mechanisms.

Carcinogenic processes have three developmental stages: initiation, promotion and progression. The first stage, tumour initiation, begins when the DNA in a cell or population of cells is damaged by exposure to exogenous or endogenous carcinogens. If this damage is not repaired, it can lead to genetic mutations. The responsiveness of the mutated cells to their microenvironment can be altered and may give them a growth advantage relative to normal cells [6–9].

The possible carcinogenetic effect of the low frequency and intensity electromagnetic fields are still under debate, the data being controversial. Studies in this field suggested that exposure to low frequency and intensity electromagnetic fields could alter the DNA integrity, which could trigger the initiation of carcinogenetic processes or could accelerate the development or spreading of already present cancers [10,11]. Also, it was suggested that chronic exposure to the ELF-EMF could be involved in the development of some neurodegenerative diseases by production of reactive oxygen species [12]. Contrary, other researches identified no effects on the integrity of the DNA in the conditions of exposure to the electromagnetic fields [13–17].

The aim of the study was to test if, in effect, there are any differences between continuous or discontinuous extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the DNA integrity of normal Vero cells, in order to evaluate the possible disruptions that could lead to mutagenicity. The evaluation of the effects of the extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields was assessed by alkaline comet assay and cell cycle analysis.

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Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage

J L Phillips ¹, N P Singh, H LaiAffiliations expand https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264461/

• PMID: 19264461
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.005

Abstract

A major concern of the adverse effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic field (EMF) is cancer induction. Since the majority of cancers are initiated by damage to a cell’s genome, studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields on DNA and chromosomal structure. Additionally, DNA damage can lead to changes in cellular functions and cell death. Single cell gel electrophoresis, also known as the ‘comet assay’, has been widely used in EMF research to determine DNA damage, reflected as single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and crosslinks. Studies have also been carried out to investigate chromosomal conformational changes and micronucleus formation in cells after exposure to EMF. This review describes the comet assay and its utility to qualitatively and quantitatively assess DNA damage, reviews studies that have investigated DNA strand breaks and other changes in DNA structure, and then discusses important lessons learned from our work in this area.

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• Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts.Ivancsits S, Diem E, Pilger A, Rüdiger HW, Jahn O.Mutat Res. 2002 Aug 26;519(1-2):1-13. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00109-2.PMID: 12160887
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• Terahertz electromagnetic fields (0.106 THz) do not induce manifest genomic damage in vitro.Hintzsche H, Jastrow C, Kleine-Ostmann T, Kärst U, Schrader T, Stopper H.PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46397. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046397. Epub 2012 Sep 27.PMID: 23029508 Free PMC article.
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Application of Sound Frequencies as an Epigenetic Tool in Reversing the Limiting Symptoms of Autism

Rajalakshmi Kandaswamy^*

Autism Expert, Founder-Authentic Autism Solutions™, Chennai, India*Corresponding Author:Rajalakshmi Kandaswamy
Autism Expert
Founder-Authentic Autism Solutions™
Chennai, India.
Tel: +91-44-24836189
E-mail: healautismnowfoundation@gmail.com

Received Date: January 26, 2017; Accepted Date: February 08, 2017; Published Date: February 13, 2017

Recent scientific experiments and discoveries have now revealed the Power of Sound frequencies/Sound Vibrations in being able to bring about amazing shifts and transformations in the DNA of living beings and in material objects as well. https://clinical-epigenetics.imedpub.com/application-of-sound-frequencies-as-anepigenetic-tool-in-reversing-the-limitingsymptoms-of-autism.php?aid=18271

Cells rockin’ in their DNA

Genes suppressed by sound stimulation Date:January 31, 2018Source:Kyoto UniversitySummary:Researcher find that some mechanosensitive genes are suppressed when subjected to audible sound. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180131160349.htm

Can sound affect how your genes work? In a new PLOS ONE study, scientists from Kyoto University’s Graduate School of Biostudies have shown that certain ‘mechanosensitive’ genes are suppressed when subjected to audible sound. Moreover, these effects vary depending on cell type, where some don’t show any sensitivity.

Cells, the fundamental units of life, are equipped with a variety of environmental recognition systems. Aside from substances such as chemical signals, they can recognize and respond to pressure, gravity, temperature, and light. For example, the cells in your eyes reading this sentence are equipped with systems that are specialized to process light.

“Much research has been done on these specialized cells, but nobody has looked into the cellular response to audible sound,” explains Masahiro Kumeta, lead author of the study. “Sound is arguably the most important and ubiquitous environmental information we receive. So that brings up the question — do cells recognize sound?”

The team conducted their experiments by exposing a variety of cells types to different sounds and performed gene expression analyses over time, focusing on genes that are known to react to physical stimuli.

“One such gene we examined helps in bone formation, and is known to be upregulated with low-intensity ultrasound pulses,” continues Kumeta. “The other genes were associated with wound healing and the extracellular matrix.”

Series of cells were placed in an incubator outfitted with a full-range loudspeaker. After several hours of exposure to sounds with specific frequencies, expression levels of the target genes were analyzed.

The team found that these mechanosensitive genes were suppressed by up to 40% with only one to two hours of exposure. Moreover, after the genes were suppressed, the effects remained for at least four hours.

The response was also dependent on waveforms and decibel levels. When exposing the cells to square or triangle waves, gene suppression was not as significant compared to sine waves on any tested frequency. Additionally, some genes did not show compounded suppression at higher decibels while others were reduced even further. Kumeta says this indicates that sound stimulation induces different responses in the cell.

The results also showed that such stimulations affect cells differently according to cell type. Cells that would eventually become bone or skeletal muscle showed the most suppression, while cells that had already differentiated had almost no response.

“Our research has found that audible sound stimulation leads to specific genetic responses,” adds team leader Shige H Yoshimura. “These data also show that at least two mechanisms are involved: transcriptional control and RNA degradation. Both are key players in controlling how much proteins are made in the cell.”

The team is planning to continue testing their hypotheses, as well as search for other genes that have been affected, such as ones that may have been upregulated by audio stimulation.

“Further studies using different sounds, cells, and experimental setups are sure to uncover more of this novel relationship between life and sound,” continues Kumeta.

“In addition to the cellular level,” concludes Yoshimura, “we will also focus on tissue- and organism-level effects to investigate the biological significance of sound response in living systems.”

Explore the latest scientific research on sleep and dreams in this free online course from New Scientist — Sign up now >>>

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Story Source:

Materials provided by Kyoto University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Masahiro Kumeta, Daiji Takahashi, Kunio Takeyasu, Shige H. Yoshimura. Cell type-specific suppression of mechanosensitive genes by audible sound stimulation. PLOS ONE, 2018; 13 (1): e0188764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188764

REVIEW Playing the notes of DNA with light: extremely high frequency nanomechanical oscillations pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25584811/

https://www.dsalud.com/reportaje/el-innegable-peligro-de-la-tecnologia-5g/ Para desarrollar la tecnología 5G que hará posible el llamado «Internet de las cosas» se han invertido miles de millones pero para estudiar su impacto en la salud y el medio ambiente ni un solo euro. Y sin embargo las ondas milimétricas de alta frecuencia que se utilizan en ella son peligrosas

REVIEW Los blemios (en egipcio antiguo: brhm; en griego: Βλέμμυες Blemmyes o Βλέμυες Blemyes, latín blemmyæs o blemmytæ), también conocidos como blemitas o bleminges, fueron un antiguo pueblo inicialmente nómada, que habitó desde el segundo milenio a. C. hasta el siglo V d. C. inicialmente en la Baja Nubia. Los blemios terminaron por desplazarse sucesivamente a las regiones montañosas del desierto oriental del Alto Egipto y la Alta Nubia, y así pudieron dominar el Dodekaschoinos (Dodecascoenus en latín).

Durante su período de apogeo, en la época del Imperio blemio, parece haber evidencias de que al menos una parte de ellos (los cuadros administrativos)¹​ se sedentarizaron. En ese período su capital en Khalābsha durante los siglos III y IV, y en Shimalo (aunque este último nombre podría ser el de Kalābsha en lengua blemia) durante el siglo V.

Son el origen del mito sobre un pueblo fantástico de hombres acéfalos conocidos como blemias.

The historical role of the Blemmyes in Late Meroitic and Early X-Group periods en Beitrage zur Sudanforschung, Samia B. Dafa’alla (1987)

The sounds of eating may reduce how much you eat

New study shows food sound is an important sensory cue https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160315131902.htm

Date:March 15, 2016Source:Brigham Young UniversitySummary:New doctor’s orders: No earbuds, no music, and no watching TV while eating. Researchers have found that the noise your food makes while you’re eating can have a significant effect on how much food you eat.

Researchers at Brigham Young University and Colorado State University have found that the noise your food makes while you’re eating can have a significant effect on how much food you eat.

The “Crunch Effect,” as they call it, suggests you’re likely to eat less if you’re more conscious of the sound your food makes while you’re eating. Therefore, watching loud TV or listening to loud music while eating can mask eating sounds that keep you in check.

“For the most part, consumers and researchers have overlooked food sound as an important sensory cue in the eating experience,” said study coauthor Gina Mohr, an assistant professor of marketing at CSU.

“Sound is typically labeled as the forgotten food sense,” adds Ryan Elder, assistant professor of marketing at BYU’s Marriott School of Management. “But if people are more focused on the sound the food makes, it could reduce consumption.”

To be clear, the researchers are not talking about the sizzle of bacon, the crack of crème brulee or popcorn popping. The effect comes from the sound of mastication: chewing, chomping, crunching.

Elder and Mohr carried out three separate experiments on the effect of that “food sound salience” and found even suggesting people think of eating sounds (through an advertisement) can decrease consumption.

The most fascinating experiment discovered people eat less when the sound of the food is more intense. In that study, participants wore headphones playing either loud or quiet noise while they ate snacks. Researchers found the louder noise masked the sound of chewing and subjects in that group ate more–4 pretzels compared to 2.75 pretzels for the “quiet” group.

“When you mask the sound of consumption, like when you watch TV while eating, you take away one of those senses and it may cause you to eat more than you would normally,” Elder said. “The effects many not seem huge–one less pretzel–but over the course of a week, month, or year, it could really add up.”

Elder and Mohr said the main takeaway for people should be the idea of mindfulness. In other words, being more mindful of not just the taste and physical appearance of food, but also of the sound it makes can help in “nudge” consumers to eat less.

So next time you eat, pull out your earbuds and tune into the sweet sounds of your food.

The study is newly published in the academic journal Food Quality and Preference.special promotion

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Materials provided by Brigham Young University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Ryan S. Elder, Gina S. Mohr. The crunch effect: Food sound salience as a consumption monitoring cue. Food Quality and Preference, 2016; 51: 39 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.015

READ Cook with sound

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